Chapter 11 Flashcards

Question

In situ cinservation more advnatges

Answer 1

- maintains genetic - allows interdependent links to still be held as they can still inreract - allows evolultionary links held still

Answer 2

controlled grazing (allows species to regnerwte) - restict human access ( not allow visit olace when breeding) + remove valuable items - feeding animals so rhey can reproduce - CULLING FROM INVASIVE thst may compete - preventing SUCCESSION

Answer 3

- the nwturak process in which colonising species are replaced overtime by a more dominant species - humans prevent this by positioning animals to conbat this such as deer eating seeds

Answer 4

- dont stop fisherman from stop fihsing all together , - but to control this and create area where can regnerwte - takes large sections

Answer 5

Botanid - species oromoted to grow in giod conditions Seed banks - hold generic msteiral as much as pssoible sonthwtbthey not extinct but also one day may be use of us - cant work for all

Answer 6

- shelter food predator free etc - to keep up woth genetic diversity international log kept with data and matches are made for best combi (also they dint have to travel) - reintorduced but could be bad as cant eat, behaviour, disease, restorariin kr habitts

Answer 7

- CBD (conservation on bioliical diversiry ) on sustatisble development - UNFCCC to stop greenhous gas - UNCCD united narions convention ti combat dersteirificaiorm

Answer 8

Inrernational union for conservation if nature - release red list £ regukate agreements betwene ckhnteies - created CITES Z= Convention for international trade in endgangered spedies, regulate what traded, prevents illegal. And allows some

Answer 9

Imposibelnto emasure whoel area so gives estimate that is REPRESENTATIVE OF AREA

Answer 10

1) pooter It is basically a device with a mouth and a suction chamber with a net, and you suck invertebrates and insects in 2) sweep nets Used to catch insects in LONG AREAS OF GRASS BY JUST SWEEPING 3) kick sampling Used to sample invertebrates in the river bed by dislodging it . Here hold a net downstream for set period of time and catch any invertebrates . To do this start downstream first and dislodge bed 4) pitfall traps Again for insects small crawling . Put a hole depp enough so it can’t escape but also not die, add leaves or something there to be humane . Ensure to cover the top so that rain water doesn’t come in. Left overnight so nocturnal can be sampled too 5) tree beating Hold white chlorine by tree snd literally shake it to dislodge snd catch , and the study

Answer 11

Normally sampled using a quadrat, to pinpoint an area Two types of quadrant 1) point quadrat - this consists of a drama and horizontal bar , and at set intervals long pins can be pushed through the bar to reach the ground . Then you sample every time the bar touched a species - basically systematic 2) frame quadrat is a square often with intervals in between - you can then record the type and numbers of each species inside the quadrat To do estimation population must be random and representative To do distribution need to do systematic samolijg

Answer 12

1) density - just count hoe many you see and say it is this per metre square, and this is absolute 2) frequency - you give a percentsge of its frequency of occurrence, use separate squares , if present 4 out of 20 squares then frequency is 20% 3) percentsge cover - quick way to estimate how much , nit that reliable but lit just see by eye roughly how much by percent does it cover

Answer 13

Need to do many different times and average, the more the more representative Now multiply your answer by the total area of the place to get estimate

Answer 14

Capture mark relesde recapture - capture many organisms as possible , mark them all - then release , after some time come back capture again - then see how much you have in population and use fractions ti get editmste of population Assumptions - no animal died or born since then - none of the markings wore off - markings did not affect chance of survival

Answer 15

Abitotif fsctord are the non living conditions inns habitat such as light intensity , water availability , wind speed, soil pH etc ``` To measure wind = anemometer Light = light meter Humidity = humidity sensor pH = pH probe Temorstruen= thermometer Oxygen in water = dissolved oxygen probe ``` Why good to use probes and sensors - rapid changed can be detected - human error in taking readings eliminated - high degree I’m precision can be achieved - can be stored and tracked

Answer 16

Simmons index of biodiversity = 1- Sum of (the number of a specific species / thr number of total species) SQAURED This takes in ti account both richness and evenness as a result, Estimate population size using frame quadrat or something , and different amounts You get either 0 to 1, 1 is the most diverse and 0 is none Remember distribution is where the species found, absundsnce is hie much

Answer 17

- a large number of successful species - nature of the environment is not stressful - many species live and with few specific adaptations to environment - food webs are complex - and an effect of a change to environment is VERY SMALL for the ecosystem as a whole So a bad index value means? - only few successful species - relatively stressful environment conditions with FEW NICHES - highly adapted to the environment - type of food webs is simple - a small change can lead to a big effect on ecosystem as a whole

Answer 18

Even though not as species diverse, we should still protect as some species so adapted here they can’t survive anywhere else, so protecting these environments protects them which is needed for a general conservation of biodiversity , or else we will lose species that are too specialised to SURVIVE ANYWHERE ELSE

Answer 19

This refers to the amount of alleles, different versions of the same gene, available in a population. The more there are, the more genetic biodiverse Species that have more genetic biodiversity are more likely to be able to adapt and survive in case a certain selection pressure comes up. Thid id because they will have more alleles, and so there is a higher chance someone in the species posses the correct advantageous gene to survive, who can then pass on to next generations

Answer 20

Need to increase number of alleles - MUTATIONS - GENE FLOW this is when individual from one population migrated and interbreeds with population of another area, alleles are transferred between the two and so in THAT POPULATION, THE GENETIC BIODIVERSITY INCREASES

Answer 21

- selective breeding (reduced number of total alleles if you keep on choosing these ) - captive breeding (inky a few amount of individuals available, so reduces alleles here) - rare breeds : when these became unfashionable so population decrease so much , try to restore you only have a few to pick from so genes decrease NATURAL SELECTION - alleles not useful st the time will be lost, only useful picked, so reduction GENETIC BOTTLENECK - Where only a few members of population survive like a natural disaster, so to restore population total alleles massively have decreased FOUNDERS EFFECT - when a small number of individuals create a new colony by geographically moving away, the start of this population will be very small in gene numbers so doing this reduces GENERIC DRIFT - where random nature of alleles being passed down , over generations the occurrence of thid just dissapears as it is less and less expressed

Answer 22

= number if polymorphic loci / total number of loci A polymorphic gene is a gene that has more than one allele Most genes are MONOMORPHIC, they only have one allele and this is needed so the BASIC structure of the species is kept consistent , but the more polymorphic , the more genetically biodiverse

Answer 23

Gel electrophoresis splits fna inti fragments and measures how far they are attracted to an electrode Based on pattern produced you can compare loci Loci just means position, all alleles have the SAME POSITION SO LOCI ON THE CHROMOSOME identify which ones are the same which sre different, do different /same