chapter 11 Flashcards

0
Q

heredity

A

the process by which organisms pass genetic traits on to their offspring

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1
Q

genetics

A

science that accounts for natural differences and resemblances among organisms related by descent

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2
Q

chromosome

A

a microscopic structure found within the nucleus of all living cells that carries genes responsible for the organism’s characteristics

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3
Q

gene

A

a tiny segment of DNA found on a chromosome within a cell’s nucleus. each gene holds the formula for making a specific enzyme or protein

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4
Q

genome

A

all the DNA in an organism, including its gene

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5
Q

human genome project

A

a scientific project funded by the U.S. government, begun in 1990 and successfully completed in 2000, for the purpose of mapping all of a human’s genes.

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6
Q

amniocentesis

A

a test whereby the physicians withdraws a sample of amniotic fluid (the fluid surrounding the developing fetus inside the mother’s womb) from the uterus of a pregnant woman. the fluid is then tested for genetic or other conditions that mat lead to abnormal development of the fetus

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7
Q

mutation

A

a permanent change in DNA

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8
Q

genetic counselor

A

an expert in human genetics who is qualified to counsel individuals who may have inherited genes for certain diseases or conditions

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9
Q

genetic discrimination

A

differential treatment of individuals based on their actual or presumed genetic differences

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10
Q

genetic engineering

A

manipulation of DNA within the cells of plants, animals, and other organisms through synthesis, alteration, or repair to ensure that certain harmful traits will be eliminated in offspring and that desirable traits will appear and be passed on

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11
Q

clone

A

an organism produced asexually, usually from a single cell of the parent

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12
Q

cloning

A

the process by which organisms are created asexually, usually from a single cell of the parent organism

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13
Q

xenotransplantation

A

transplantation of animal tissues and organs into humans

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14
Q

stem cells

A

cells that have the potential to become any type of body cell

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15
Q

multipotent stem cells

A

stem cells that can become a limited number of types of tissues and cells in the body

16
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

stem cells that can become almost all types of tissues and cells in the body

17
Q

gene therapy

A

treating harmful genetic diseases or traits by eliminating or modifying the harmful gene

18
Q

infertility

A

the failure to conceive for a period of 12 months or longer due to a deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any reproductive part, organ, or system

19
Q

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

A

fertilization that takes place outside a woman’s body, literally “in glass,” as in a test tube

20
Q

artificial insemination

A

the mechanical injection of viable semen into the vagina

21
Q

homologous artificial insemination

A

the process in which a husband’s sperm is mechanically injected into his wife’s vagina to fertilize her eggs

22
Q

surrogate mother

A

a woman who becomes pregnant, usually by artificial insemination or surgical implantation of a fertilized egg, and bears a child for another woman

23
Q

heterologous artificial insemination

A

the process in which donor sperm is mechanically injected into a woman’s vagina to fertilize her eggs

24
Q

parens patriae

A

a legal doctrine that gives the state the authority to act in a child’s best interest

25
Q

safe haven laws

A

state laws that allow mothers to abandon newborns to designated safe facilities without penalty

26
Q

mature minors

A

individuals in their mid- to late teens who, for health care purposes, are considered mature enough to comprehend a physician’s recommendations and give informed consent

27
Q

emancipated minors

A

individuals in their mid- to late teens who legally live outside parents’ or guardians’ control