Chapter 11

Question 1

The processes that a person uses to reach a specific goal for which the solution is not immediately obvious. Either important information is missing and/or it is unclear how to reach the goal. (used when you want to reach a certain
goal, but the solution is not immediately obvious and
obstacles block your path)

Answer 1

Problem Solving

Question 2

In problem solving the situation at the beginning of the problem

Answer 2

Initial State

Question 3

In problem solving the restriction that makes it difficult to proceed from the initial state to the goal state.

Answer 3

Obstacles

Question 4

In problem solving the situation when the problem is solved

Answer 4

Goal State

Question 5

In problem solving and decision making going beyond the information given to reach a goal such as a solution, a decision or a belief.

Answer 5

Thinking

Question 6

In problem solving having a well organized mental representation of the problem, based on both the information provided in the problem and ones own previous experience.

Answer 6

Understanding

Question 7

Every problem contains 3 components

Answer 7

Initial state, goal state, obstacle

Question 8

You must ____ the information acquired to reach an appropriate answer

Answer 8

Transform

Question 9

When people try to solve a problem they may take a ____ ___ approach randomly trying different options until they find a solution

Answer 9

Trial and Error

Question 10

______Problem solvers plan their attack. They break a problem into component parts and devise a strategy for solving each part. use strategies that are likely to produce a solution relatively quickly

Answer 10

Effective

Question 11

_____ is used to monitor whether their problem solving strategies seem to be working effectively.

Answer 11

Metacognition

Question 12

In the ___ step in problem solving one must ___ the Problem

Answer 12

Initial ,understand

Question 13

____ is important during problem solving because competing thoughts can produce divided ___

Answer 13

Attention

Question 14

In problem solving the process of translating the elements of a problem into a different format. Choosing an appropriate representation will increase the likelyhood of solving the problem effectively.

Answer 14

Problem Representation

Question 15

a Grid consisting of rows and columns that shows all possible combinations of the items in a problem.

Answer 15

Matrix

Question 16

____ capacity is correlated with a persons ability to solve algebra word problems and categorize geometric patterns.

Answer 16

Working Memory

Question 17

If you have good ____ you can keep the relevant parts of a problem in your mind simultaneusly

Answer 17

Working Memory

Question 18

Sometimes the most effective way to represent an abstract problem is by using____

Answer 18

Symbols

Question 19

___ is a perfect way to keep track of items particularly if the problem is complex and if the relevant information is categorical

Answer 19

Matrix

Question 20

Students who uses ____ to solve a problem are more successful than those who use other problem representations

Answer 20

Matrix

Question 21

___ is especially suitable when the information is stable rather than changing over time.

Answer 21

Matrix

Question 22

When given verbal descriptions and a ____ people are much more accurate than people who are given only verbal descriptions

Answer 22

Diagram

Question 23

Can be useful to represent a large amount of information and let you represent abstract information in a concrete fashion.

Answer 23

Diagram

Question 24

A figure that uses a treelike structure to show various possible options in a problem. this kind of diagram is especially useful in showing the relationship between categorized items.

Answer 24

Hierarchical Tree Diagram

Question 25

The most effective kind of diagram is a ___

Answer 25

Graph

Question 26

Allows us to escape from the boundaries of traditional concrete representation.

Answer 26

Visual Imagery

Question 27

Good___ provides an advantage when a problem requires you to construct a figure

Answer 27

Visual Imagery

Question 28

What are the different methods of representing a problem

Answer 28

- Symbols - Matrix - Diagrams - Visual Imagery

Question 29

The proposal that a person makes use of information in the immediate environment or situation thus knowledge typically depends on the context surrounding the person.

Answer 29

Situated Cognition Approach

Question 30

The proposal that people often use their own bodies and motor actions in order to express their abstract thoughts and knowledge.

Answer 30

Embodied Cognition Approach

Question 31

You use both ___ and ___ when you try to solve a problem

Answer 31

Situated cognition and embodied cognition approach

Question 32

___ suggest that children should have experiences solving problems they are likely to encounter outside a school setting

Answer 32

Situated Cognition Approach

Question 33

____ consistent with the idea that psychologist should emphasize ecological validity if they want to accurately understand cognitive processes.

Answer 33

Situated Cognition Approach

Question 34

A study of children's mathematical skill in selling candy would have greater____ than a study of children's mathematical skill on a paper pencil standard examination

Answer 34

Ecological Validity

Question 35

A method that will always produce a solution to the problem, although the process can sometimes be inefficient.

Answer 35

Algorithm

Question 36

In problem solving a kind of algorithm in which a person tests al the possible answers using a specified system.

Answer 36

Exhaustive Search

Question 37

A general rule that is usually correct strategy in which you ignore some alternatives and explore only those alternatives that seem especially likely to produce a solution

Answer 37

Heuristic

Question 38

___ will always produce a solution although you may grow old in the process

Answer 38

Algorithm

Question 39

____ do not guarantee a correct solution

Answer 39

Heuristic

Question 40

We are more likely to solve everyday problems with ____

Answer 40

Heuristics

Question 41

what are the three most widely used heuristics

Answer 41

Analogy means-end heuristic hill-climbing heuristic

Question 42

In problem solving the use of a solution to a similar, earlier problem to help solve a new problem

Answer 42

Analogy Approach

Question 43

When confronting a problem in a statistics course you refer to previous examples in your textbook to help solve the current problem is an example of

Answer 43

Analogy Approach

Question 44

___ are also prominent when people make creative breakthroughs in areas such as art, politics, science and engineering.

Answer 44

Anaology

Question 45

The wright brothers designed some of their airplane features by creating a ____ between the wings of a bird and wings of a plane. is an example of ___

Answer 45

Analogy, creative breakthroughs using analogy

Question 46

In problem Solving a set of problems that have the same underlying structures and solutions but different specific details.

Answer 46

Problem Isomorphs

Question 47

In problem solving the specific objects and terms used in a question. these elements are often not relevant to the underlying core of the problem.

Answer 47

Surface Features

Question 48

In problem solving the underlying core of a problem that must be understood in order to solve the problem correctly

Answer 48

Structural Features

Question 49

People tend to focus on the superficial content the ____ of the problem than on its abstract underlying meaning. (they pay attention to the obvious)

Answer 49

Surface Features

Question 50

People often fail to see the ___between a problem they have solved and a new problem_____ that has similar structual features

Answer 50

Analogy, Isomorphs

Question 51

People who have limited problem solving skills and limited metacognitive abilities have a difficult time using

Answer 51

Analogies

Question 52

An approach to problem solving that consist of two important components 1) dividing the problem into subproblems 2)reducing the diffrences between the intial state and gaol state for each of the subproblems.

Answer 52

Means-End Heuristic

Question 53

In problem solving a complex problem may be difficult to solve. One strategy is to divide that problem into two or more smaller problems and solve each of these ___ separately

Answer 53

Subproblem

Question 54

Programming a computer to perform a specific cognitive task in the same way that humans actually perfomr this task.

Answer 54

Computer Simulation

Question 55

In problem solving a computer program whose basic strategy is means ends analysis. The goal of the ____ is to minic the processes that normal humans use when they tackle these problems.

Answer 55

General Problem Solver (GPS)

Question 56

The name ____ is appropriate because it requires identifying the "ends" desired and then figuring out the "means" or methods to reach those ends

Answer 56

Means End Heuristic

Question 57

____ heuristic can be useful when you do not have enough information about your alternatives because you can see only the immediate next step.

Answer 57

Hill Climbing Heuristic

Question 58

____ heuristic may not produce the best long term solution. Usually encouraged only for short term goals

Answer 58

Hill Climbing Heuristic

Question 59

In problem solving consistently choosing at each choice point the alternative that seems to lead most directly toward the goa.

Answer 59

Hill Climbing Heuristic

Question 60

The biggest problem with _____ is that problem solvers must consistently choose the alternative that appears to lead most directly toward the goal and in doing so they may fail to choose an indirect alternative which may have greater long term benefits

Answer 60

Hill Climbing Heuristic

Question 61

People with expertise use _____ processing effectively when they solve problems they take advantage of factors such as knowledge, memory and strategies

Answer 61

top-down

Question 62

an individual with ___ demonstrates consistently exceptional skill and performance on representative tasks for a particular area.

Answer 62

Expertise

Question 63

People with ____ in one area typically do not excel in another area

Answer 63

Expertise

Question 64

___ are more likely to use means end heuristic when problem solving effectively. more likely to emphasize structural features when using the analogy approach

Answer 64

Experts

Question 65

___ use _____ which means handling two or more items at the same time

Answer 65

Experts/ parallel processing

Question 66

Handles only one item at a time.

Answer 66

Serial Processing

Question 67

Applying the same solution used in previous problem even though there is a different easier way to solve the problem If you have a ____ you close your mind prematurely

Answer 67

Mental Set

Question 68

The belief that a person possesses a certain amount of intelligence and other skills and no amount of effort can improve performance

Answer 68

Fixed Mindset

Question 69

The belief that people can cultivate intelligence and other skills by challenging themselves to perform better.

Answer 69

Growth Mindset

Question 70

____ and _____ represent overactive top down processing, problem solvers are so strongly guided by their previous experiences that they fail to consider more effective solutions to their problems

Answer 70

Mental set / Functional Fixedness

Question 71

What are 3 factors the influence problem solving

Answer 71

Expertise, Mental Sets, and Functional Fixedness

Question 72

refers to problem solving strategies

Answer 72

Mental Sets

Question 73

__ refers to how we think about physical objects

Answer 73

Functional Fixedness

Question 74

The tendency to assign stable (or fixed) functions to an object. As a result people do not think about the features of this object that might be useful in helping solve a problem.

Answer 74

Functional Fixedness

Question 75

your task is to find a way to attach a candle to the wall of the room so that it burns properly using only the objects on the table (matches, matchbox and tumb tac)to solution requires you to overcome functional fixedness

Answer 75

Dunker Candle problem

Question 76

If you belong to a group that is hampered by a negative stereotype and you think about your membership in that group your performance may suffer

Answer 76

Stereotype Threat

Question 77

The problem solving situation in which a problem initially seems impossible to solve but then an alternative approach suddenly burst into consciousness. The problem solver immediately realizes that the new solution is correct (aha! moment)

Answer 77

Insight Problems

Question 78

A problem that a person solves gradually by using memory reasoning skills and a routine set of strategies.

Answer 78

non insight problems

Question 79

what kind of problems benefit from the use of top down processing

Answer 79

non insight problems

Question 80

Research on metacognition shows that confidence builds gradually for ____ problems in contrast confidence on ___problems is initially low but it suddenly increases when you solve the problem.

Answer 80

non insight/ insight

Question 81

____ requires you to to use top-down processing while ____ forces you to think outside the box

Answer 81

non insight/insight

Question 82

Requires finding solutions that are both novel and useful

Answer 82

Creativity

Question 83

A measure pf creativity that emphasizes the number of different responses made to a test item.

Answer 83

Divergent Production

Question 84

A measure of creativity requiring the test taker to supply a single best response the researchers assess the quality of that response.

Answer 84

Convergent Production

Question 85

Creativity requires both ____ think and ___ thinking

Answer 85

divergent and convergent

Question 86

The motivation to work on a task not because it is enjoyable but in order to earn a promised reward or to win a competition.

Answer 86

Extrinsic Motivation

Question 87

The motivation to work on a task for its own sake becasue it is interesting, exciting, or personally challanging

Answer 87

Intrinsic Motivation

Question 88

The belief that one has the ability to organize and carry out a specific task

Answer 88

Self Efficacy

Question 89

The ability to keep working on a task even when obstacles are encountered

Answer 89

Perseverance

Question 90

___ motivation can reduce creativity. while ____ motivation people tend to be more creative when they are working on a task they truly enjoy

Answer 90

Extrinsic Motivation/Intrinsic Motivation