Chapter 11: basic concepts of organic chemistry (11.2-11.5) Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 11: basic concepts of organic chemistry (11.2-11.5) Deck (19)
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1
Q

3 ways to classify hydrocarbons

A

aliphatic - carbon atoms are joined together in unbranched chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings

alicyclic - carbon atoms joined together in a ring (cyclic) either with or without branches

aromatic - some or all of the atoms are found in a benzene ring

2
Q

what are the three homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons you need to be aware of

A

alkanes - saturated, CnH2n+2
alkenes - contain at least one C=C double bond, CnH2n
alkynes - contains at least one triple carbon-to-carbon bond

3
Q

naming cyclic alkanes

A

same rules as aliphatic alkanes, but use the prefix cyclo- to show it has a ring structure

4
Q

naming alkenes

A

general formula: CnH2n
functional group: C=C
suffix: -ene

5
Q

naming alchohols

A

general formula: CnH2n+1OH
functional group: -OH
prefix: hydroxy-
suffix: -ol

6
Q

naming aldehydes

A

functional group: -CHO

suffix: -al

7
Q

naming ketones

A

general formula: CnH2nO

functional group: -C(CO)C-

8
Q

how to indicate a side chain in molecular formula

A

using brackets

9
Q

naming carboxylic acids

A

general formula: CnH2nO2
functional group: -COOH
suffix: -oic acid

10
Q

naming haloanklanes

A

functional group: -Cl, -Br, -I

prefix: chloro-, bromo-, iodo-

11
Q

how to read a skeletal formula

A

a line represents a single bond, double line represents a double bond e.c.t
where 2 lines meet indicates a carbon atom
end of a line represents a -CH3 functional group
when there are any functional groups other than CH3, they must be drawn onto the skeletal formula

12
Q

can isomers have different functional groups

A

yes

molecules can have the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different functional groups

13
Q

how are covalent bonds broken

A

by bond fission

14
Q

what are the two types of bond fission

A

homolytic fission

heterolytic fission

15
Q

homolytic fission

A

When the bond breaks, each of the bonded atoms takes on of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
Each atom now has a single unbounded electron therefore 2 radicals are formed

16
Q

heterolytic fission

A

When the bond breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both the electrons from the bond.
Two ions are formed (the atom which took both electrons is negative and the other is positive)

17
Q

What do curly arrows show?

A

The movement of electron pairs

18
Q

what are the 3 types of reaction

A

addition: two reactants join together to form one product
substitution: an atom (or group of atoms) in a molecule is replaced by a different atom (or group of atoms)
Elimination: this involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one ie. 1 reactant gives 2 products

19
Q

naming esters

A

functional group: -COOC-

suffix: -oate