Chapter 11- Textbook

Question 1

What is a nuclear family?

Answer 1

An adult male, an adult female, and their offspring.

Question 2

What is extended family?

Answer 2

Multiple generations of adults living with their spouses and children.

Question 3

What are the two dominant family forms?

Answer 3

nuclear and extended

Question 4

What is family of orientation?

Answer 4

the family into which one is born

Question 5

What is the family of procreation?

Answer 5

The family one creates by having children or adoptingg children.

Question 6

What is the definition of a census family?

Answer 6

A married couple (with our without children of either or both spouses), a couple living common-law (with or without children of either or both partners), or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. A couple may be of opposite or same sex. Children in a census family include grandchildren living with their grandparent(s) but with no parents present.

Question 7

What is an economic family?

Answer 7

A group of two or more persons who live in the same dwelling and are related to each other by blood, marriage, common-law or adoption. A couple may be of opposite or same-sex. For 2006, foster children are included.

Question 8

What were the two significant changes with the 2006 census?

Answer 8

1) same-sex married couples were counted

2) previously married children may live with their parents and should be included as members of that family

Question 9

What does Margrit Eichler argue about family? What are her 6 important aspects? What does she suggest instead?

Answer 9

That we operate with a monolithic bias when we think in terms of “the family.” She suggests that we expand our understanding of what a family is. She argues that important aspects of families are socialization, emotional relationships, residence, economics, sexuality, and reproduction.

Question 10

What is notable about the 2005 passing of Bill C-38?

Answer 10

Legalized same-sex marriage.

Question 11

Over the past quarter-century, has marriage increased or decreased?

Answer 11

decreased

Question 12

In 2011, ___% of Canadian families were married couples, down from___% in 1981.

Answer 12

67, 83

Question 13

In 2011, common-law relationships represented___% of Canadian families, up from only___% in 1981.

Answer 13

16.7, 5.6

Question 14

What two facts are associated with the rise in cohabitation?

Answer 14

Women’s increased labour force participation nd education levels

Question 15

The line between___and___is no longer clear.

Answer 15

legal marriage and cohabitation

Question 16

When did “no-fault” divorce laws take effect? What happened as a result?

Answer 16

• 1985

- Rates of divorce rose significantly

Question 17

What is included with no-fault divorce?

Answer 17

The waiting time prior to being able to file for divorce reduced to one year, and uncontested divorces were granted after a separation of three years.

Question 18

What did changes to the 1997 Divorce Act result in?

Answer 18

Child support is now calculated based on the income of the noncustodial parent and takes into account the cost of living in each province.

Question 19

What did changes in the federal income Tax Act result in?

Answer 19

Halted the practice of noncustodial parents being allowed to deduct monies paid for child support and custody parents having to pay income tax on child support payments received.

Question 20

How does functionalism view families?

Answer 20

• Family is understood to be a major societal institution
• Social functions are accomplished within families
• Children in families are socialized to learn the values an norms of the larger society
• Families are also responsible for discipling children.
• Social status is established and reproduced by families through the parents’ wealth as well as through inheritance from other family members

Question 21

What did Talcott Parsons argue about industrialization?

Answer 21

Families no longer functioned as economic units of production. the functions associated with families became more specialized, with specific roles developed former, women, and children.

Question 22

What are Parsons’ two roles?

Answer 22

instrumental, expressive

Question 23

What is the instrumental role?

Answer 23

Responsible for engaging in paid labour outside the home. Men.

Question 24

What is the expressive role?

Answer 24

Responsible for the emotional well-being of family members and the socialization of children.

Question 25

What are the critiques for the functionalist approach?

Answer 25

- For their conservative approach to gender and for expecting roles in families to be played out on the basis of biology - Not adequately dealing with social conflict and social change

Question 26

How does conflict theory approach families?

Answer 26

- They consider its relationship to the state - Perceive that the inequalities inherent in the larger society are perpetuated inside families - Assert that the family organized to meet the needs of capitalism and, more specifically, to serve ruling class interests

Question 27

What does Engels argue about the Industrial revolution and family?

Answer 27

Along with other changes, family forms were radically altered as workplaces shifted from homes to factories. Families shifted from being sites of production to sites of consumption.

Question 28

What does Engels believe determine family lie? How?

Answer 28

- material conditions - Those who were able to provide the necessities of life (men) amassed social power - With the development of class-based societies, women's social position, relative to men's, declined

Question 29

What do Marxist Feminist theorists call attention to?

Answer 29

the essential work of social reproduction that families performed

Question 30

What is social reproduction?

Answer 30

the necessary activities the guarantee the day-to-day reproduction and survival of the population

Question 31

What is domestic labour?

Answer 31

The activities required to maintain a home and care for th people who live in it.

Question 32

Why has Marxist work in the area of families been criticized?

Answer 32

-Taking for granted the division of domestic labour

Question 33

How do both functionalist and conflict approaches examine families?

Answer 33

Examine the complex relationships that connect families to larger society rather than explore intra-familial relations

Question 34

How does symbolic interactionism approach families?

Answer 34

They investigate how family members' behaviours are shaped by their definitions an interpretations of particular situations. They perceive that symbolic meanings vary from one family to the next, and may even vary among members of the same family unit. Overall, symbolic interactionists tend to explore families as cooperative groups with shared interests.

Question 35

What is role strain?

Answer 35

Stress the results when someone does not have sufficient resources to play a role or roles.

Question 36

What do competing roles in families often result in according to symbolic interactionism?

Answer 36

role strain

Question 37

Why has the symbolic interactionist approach been criticized?

Answer 37

For largely accepting the idea of families as sites of harmonious relationships

Question 38

How does feminist theory approach the idea of families?

Answer 38

Holds that families remain primary sites for the continued subordination of women. They argue that no one family form is inherently natural or functional, not even the oft-heralded heterosexual nuclear family. They argue that family forms are specific to both time and place and the at even processes of conception and childbirth are socially mediated.

Question 39

What is one of the most significant contributions of feminist theorizing to the sociology of families?

Answer 39

its analysis of familial ideology

Question 40

What is familial ideology?

Answer 40

They argue that imposing one family model that privileges men and subordinates women through its very structure is indeed a political and ideological exercise.

Question 41

What does feminist work that uses a structural approach focus on?

Answer 41

How inequality for women is enabled and sustained through laws, social policies, and labour market practices. Marxist feminists, in particular, have argued that the exploitation of women in families fundamentally serves capitalist interests.

Question 42

What assumption do feminists challenge?

Answer 42

The assumption that family life is private an separate from public spheres of life.

Question 43

What can we understand through a feminist lens with regards to Aboriginal peoples and imperialism ?

Answer 43

We are able to understand the history of imperialism in Canada and its devastating effects on Aboriginal peoples and their established family relationships. As the Europeans settled, their marriage practices were instituted to women's disadvantage.

Question 44

What type of work focuses on interpersonal relations, examining everyday interactions as gendered and as perpetuating gender hierarchies.

Answer 44

feminist work

Question 45

What does Barrie Thorne argue about feminist work and what it challenges?

Answer 45

Challenges conventional sociological approaches to studying families, since it accepts as a basic premise that family members experience family life differently.

Question 46

What does most contemporary feminist work reject?

Answer 46

Any assertion that men's and women's roles within families are a natural outcome of biological differences. All of these activities are social practices.

Question 47

How does post-structuralist theory approach family?

Answer 47

Are likely to seek to dismantle prevailing discourses about families--for example, the adage that the family serves as a "haven in a heartless world/" They may also question the concept of the "good mother" or the notion that "good fathers are good breadwinners".

Question 48

What do post-structuralist argue about families and categories?

Answer 48

That such categories are saturated in power relations. That is, notions of good mothers and good fathers operate as normalizing discourses.

Question 49

What do post-structuralists believe that family is targeted as?

Answer 49

A site for state intervention

Question 50

What do Baez and Talbot point about about families(post-structuralism)?

Answer 50

Family is meant to be the "moral training" ground for children.

Question 51

How do queer theorists approach family?

Answer 51

They are often influences by post-structuralist theory. Interested in questioning normative categories.

Question 52

What do queer theorists question about families?

Answer 52

The assumption that all families are formed through heterosexual unions, and further question expectations of "heterosexuality--of co-residence, romantic love, monogamy, and the primacy of the conjugal couple."

Question 53

What subverts the heterosexual norm of houses as the site of private family relationships?

Answer 53

The frequent use of houses for social gatherings by lesbian and gay couples.

Question 54

What are the two types of labour that families depend on?

Answer 54

1) income-generating work 2) unpaid domestic labour They conflict with one another.

Question 55

Typically, family units cooperate___.

Answer 55

economically

Question 56

Who negotiates the conflicts between income generating work and unpaid domestic labour?

Answer 56

the state, partially through schools and health care

Question 57

What are the two big changes in recent decades that have affected how families negotiate the competing demands of income generation and managing households?

Answer 57

1) A change in the number of hours of income-generating work required to support a household. 2) The major cutbacks in government support to schools health care, and social service agencies over the past 20 years.

Question 58

Today, the standard of living for an average family of two adults and two children requires more paid hours than it did___years ago.

Answer 58

30

Question 59

What has the need for more paid labour hours to maintain the average standard of living translated into?

Answer 59

A higher proportion of women working in the paid labour force, and families with two income earners are now the statistical norm among Canadian families.

Question 60

What have spending cuts of government support resulted in?

Answer 60

Caregiving responsibilities failing increasingly to families, and most often to women. These cutbacks means that more unpaid work is required in order for households to survive.

Question 61

What is one achievement made by feminists in the area of families?

Answer 61

The recognition of the importance and value of domestic labour.

Question 62

What does Marilyn Waring argue?

Answer 62

That unpaid domestic labour should be calculated and valued such that women could be compensated and have their work socially recognized.

Question 63

What is the second shift, acc. to Arlie Hochschild?

Answer 63

The domestic labour performed by employed women at home after finishing their paid workdays.

Question 64

Are women at a greater or lesser risk of violence in and near their homes than in the public arena?

Answer 64

Greater

Question 65

Women are more than___as likely to be assaulted by someone known to them than by a stranger

Answer 65

Twice

Question 66

In Canada, women are about___times more likely than men to be the victims of serious forms of spousal violence.

Answer 66

Three

Question 67

Women aged___to___continue to be victimized by their spouses more often than older women.

Answer 67

25 to 34

Question 68

What can family violence be understood as?

Answer 68

Family violence is not an issue that affects merely a few, unfortunate people. It is a social issue, not a private trouble. Sociologists investigate family violence from this premise.

Question 69

The___of violence does not tell us as much as the___of violence experienced by both women and men.

Answer 69

- quantity | - quality

Question 70

What is intimate femicide?

Answer 70

The killing of women by they intimate male partners

Question 71

What majority of women killed in Ontario during the period between 1976 and 1994 can be accounted for by intimate femicide?

Answer 71

Between 63 and 76 percent

Question 72

What is the most prevalent motive for intimate feticide?

Answer 72

A separation or an estrangement, or its imminent possibility.

Question 73

In Canada, victims of spousal homicide are more likely to be men or women?

Answer 73

women

Question 74

What are women who kill their intimate partners more likely to do so out of?

Answer 74

Fear for their safety.

Question 75

What are men who kill their partners more likely to be motivated by?

Answer 75

Sexual jealousy and male proprietariness

Question 76

What are both linked to a greater possibility of spousal killings of women?

Answer 76

Estrangement from the intimate partner and common-law status

Question 77

In Canada, which groups of women are at an increased risk of intimate femicide?

Answer 77

Aboriginal women

Question 78

At least___%of all victims of intimate feticide in Ontario were Aboriginal women.

Answer 78

6

Question 79

What can we understand family violence towards women as, according to feminists?

Answer 79

We can understand this violence as an extension of men's proprietary attitudes toward the intimate women in their lives.