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anatomy > chapter 12 > Flashcards

chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

do you know the componet of the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Do you understand what is meant by cephalization?

A

increased organization of nervous tissue in the head region of an organism. highest in humans

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3
Q

can you describe the components ogf the brain’s surface anatomy?

A

pinkish-gray wrinkled appearance. There is a cerebrum (right and left hemispheres), cerebellum and brainstem that can be visualized from the surface

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4
Q

can you describe the basic pattern of the spinal cord? brain?

A

spinal cord has an inner core filled with cerebral spinal fluid called the central canal surrounded by gray matter which is surrounded by white matter. The brain has the same basic pattern, but in the brain stem gray matter nuclei exist, and the cerebrum and cellebellum both have gray matter nuclei and a gray matter outer cortex

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5
Q

can you list and describe the location of the ventricles of the brain?

A

two lateral ventricles (one in each cerebral hemisphere), a third ventricle surrounded by the diencephalon and a fourth ventricle between the pons/medulla oblongata and cerebellum

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6
Q

do you know what the two cerebral hemisphere’s are referred to as?

A

right and left

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7
Q

can you define “sulci”, “gyri”, and “fissures”?

A

sulci- valleys in the brain surface
gyri- ridges on the brains surface
fissures- deep valleys

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8
Q

can you list the three basic regions ( names of matter regions) of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

cerebral cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei

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9
Q

can you list the major lobes of the hemispheres?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital,temporal, and insula

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10
Q

can you name the major sulcus that divides the hemispheres into parietal and frontal lobes?

A

central sulcus

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11
Q

can you list and describe the other important gyri and sulcus of the hemispheres?

A

precentral gyrus infront of the central sulcus and post central gyrus behind the central sulcus. The lateral sulcus divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

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12
Q

can you name the fissure that divides the hemispheres into right and left?

A

longitudinal fissure

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13
Q

can you list and describe the general characteristics and functions of the cerebral cortex?

A

defined areas are called Brodmann’s areas. There are 52 of those. There are also sensory, motor, and association, areas of the cortex. The cortex is responsible for self awareness, conciousness, communication, remembering, and voluntary movement. It exhibits contralateral control as well as lateralization amongst the two hemispheres

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14
Q

can you describe what is meant by “contralateral control” by the cerebral cortex?

A

a hemisphere controls the side of the body that is opposite from it

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15
Q

can you list and generally describe the three functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

motor, sensory, and association

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16
Q

can you list and describe the functions of the motor areas of the cerebral cortex?
Do you know approximately where on the hemisphere each is located?

A

a. primary motor cortex- located in the precentral gyrus. responsible for precise ans skilled motor movements. The information for the skeletal muscles is generated by abd travels along the axons of pyramidal cells (part of the cirticospinal tract)
b. premotor cortex- located anterior to the primary motor cortex. Responsible for repititious or patterned voluntary movements. Also formed by pyramidal cells. About 15% of the corticospinal tract are axon of these cells.
c. Broca’s area- responsible for movements for the speech abd preparing to speak. Only in the left hemisphere and is anterior and inferior to the premotor cortex.
d. frontal eye sheild- anterior portion of the frontal lobe. responsible for voluntary muscle movements of the eyes

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17
Q

can you list and describe the functions of the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex?
a. do you know about where on the hemisphere each is located?

A

sensory areas-

a. primary somatosensory cortex- receives afferent information from the skeletal muscle, joints and skin. Located in the post central gyrus
b. somatosensory association cortex- integrates the information from the primary somatosensory cortex. Gives size, texture and relationship of parts. located posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex.
c. Primary visual cortex- located on the tip of the occipital lobe and along the calcarine sulcus. Recieves information about light in the enviornment from the retina on the back of the eyes.
d. visual association areas- integrates the information from the primary visual cortex and gives object location and identity. also on the occipital lobe.
e. Primary auditory cortex- located on the superior margin of the temporal lobe. recieves information from the inner ear about pitch, loudness, and location of sound.
f. auditory association cortex- integrates and stores information for sound. Also in the temporal lobe and is a part of wenicke’s area.
g. olfactory cortex- on the uncus of the temporal lobe. integrates information for smell
h. gustatory cortex- on the insula and integrates information for taste.
i. visceral sensory cortex- located in the insula and integrates visceral sensory information
j. vestibular ( balance/equilibrium) cortex- thought to be located in the insula, integrates information from the inner ear about balance

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18
Q

can you describe the “motor homunculus” and the “somatosensory homunculus”?

A

the motor ans sensory homunculi are caricatures that represent the amount of cerebral cortex dedicated to each portion of the somatic motor and sensory parts of the body

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19
Q

can you list and describe the functions of the association areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

a. anteror assocaton area includes the prefrontal cortex which is involved in the reasoning and judgment, intellect, recall and personality. located in the frontal lobe
b. posterior association area is responsible for converging many types of information into one thought. it also gives us a sense of self-belonging. it is involved in understanding spoken and written language, so it is a part of wernicke’s area. this area is located in regions of the temporall, parietal and occipital lobes
c. limbic are is responsible for emotional importance, sense of danger, and memory.

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20
Q

can you define “lateralization” of cerebral hemispheres?

A

lateralization refers to the fact that each hemisphere has functions the other does not have. The left hemisphere is responsible for language, math, and logic and the right is responsible for the artistic and musical skills, visual spatial skills emotion and intituition.

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21
Q

which hemisphere is specialized for which functions

A

refer to #20

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22
Q

can you descrbe the composition ans function of white matter in the cerebral hemispheres?

A

white matter is myelinated axon tracts. They are literally highways for information to travel through the CNS.

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23
Q

can you describe the following three types of cerebral white matter tracts?

a. commissural
b. association
c. projection

A

a. commissural- tracts connect same cortcal regions between both hemispheres
b. association- tracts connect different cortcal regions within the same hemisphere
c. projection- tracts allow information to travel between the cerebral cortex and lower brain centers . Where the tracts are bundled it is referred to as the internal capsule. Where they radiate outward to/from their cortical areas it is called the corona radiata.

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24
Q

can you describe the compostion and functions of the basal nuclei in the cerebral hemispheres?

A

the basal nuclei ( also known as basal ganglia) are islands of gray matter within the white matter of the cerebrum. These nuclei are responsible for starting and stopping the motor information coming from the primary and premotor cortices, as well as providing the correct amount of intensity ( force) to the action.

25
Q

do you know what the corpus striatum is and can you lists its components?

A

corpus striatum is a collection of nuclei including the caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus which includes the globus pallidus and putamen. The internal capsule passes between these nuclei giving the area a “ striated” look

26
Q

can you give a general description of the diencephalon and list its structures?

A

three pared structures that are encompassed within the cerebral hemispheres and form the walls of the third ventricle. Structures are the thalamus hypothalamus, and epithalamus

27
Q

do you know which ventricle is surrounded by the diencephalon?

A

third

28
Q

can you describe the location and functions for the following structures?

a. thalamus
b. epithalamus
i. choroid plexus
ii. pineal gland
c. hypothalamus
i. which hormones are produced by this structure?

A

Thalamus- egg shaped structure that is composed of nuclei . forms the suprolateral walls of the third ventricle. relays sensory information to the correct cortex, directs motor information to the cerebellum and basal nuclei and recognizes information as pleasant or unpleasant
Epithalamus- i. pineal gland- makes melatonin to control sleep-wake cycles
ii. choroid plexus- capillary cluster that forms cerebral spinal fluid
c. Hypothalamus- inferior to the thalamus and composed of nuclei. Plays a role in controlling nearly every homostatic function such as water and salt balance body temperature, sleep-wake cycles, visceral function. forms the inferlateral walls of the third ventricle ans is attached to the pituitary gland by the infundibulim. also plays a role in emotion. this structure produces hormones to contril the pitituitary gland.

29
Q

can you describe the general function of the brainstem and list its three parts?

A

three parts are the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata. Overall it has nuclei to control autonomic behaviors for survival and is a highway for information-fiber tracts travel vertically between the cortex and the cord and the horizontally to and from the cerebellum here

30
Q

can you give the location and function of the following structures? can you list and descrbe ther features and functions of the features?

a. midbrain
b. pons
c. medulla oblongata

A

a. midbrain- located between the diencephalon and the pons
i. vertical cerebral peduncle- column of pyramidal tracts
ii. cerebral aqueduct- allows CSF to flow between the third and forth ventricles
iii. cranial nerves 3 and 4 arise from this portion of the brainstem
iv. corpora quadrigemina- its 2 superior colliculi are visual reflex centers and the 2 inferior colliculi are auditory relay and reflex centers
v. various nuclei of the reticular formation are located here
b. Pons- located between the midbran and the medulla oblongata
i. forms the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle
ii. cranal nerves 5-7 are found here
iii. important one of these s the pontine respiratory center which helps control breathing
c. Medulla Oblongata- located between the pons and spinal cord
i. also forms the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle
ii. most axons of the pyramidal tracts decussate (cross over) here
iii. cranial nerves 8-12 are associated with the medulla
iv. important nuclei are the cardiovascular center, which has cardiac and vasomotor function, and the dorsal and ventral respiratory centers which help control breathing

31
Q

do you know which ventricle is contained between the brainstem and the cerebellum?

A

fourth- between the brainstem and cerebellum

32
Q

do you know the name of the structure that connects the third and fourth ventricles?

A

cerebral aqueduct

33
Q

do you know which cranial nerves arise from the parts of the brainsten?

A

parts

a. midbrain: 3-4
b. Pons: 5-7
c. Medulla Oblongata: 8-12

34
Q

can you give the location and function of the following?

a. corpora quadrigemina
i. superior colliculi
ii. inferior colliculi

A

corpora quadrigemina is on the posterior aspect of the midbrain , inferior yo the pineal gland. It is composed of two sets of colliculi:

a. superior colliculi are visual reflex centers
b. inferior colliculi are auditory reflex and relay centers

35
Q

do you know what the pontine respiratory center is and where it is located?

A

it is the old name for the pontine respiratory center. Located in the pons and helps control breathing

36
Q

do you know what the “decussation of pyramids” is?

A

where most of the fiber tracts cross over in the medulla oblongata

37
Q

Do you know which part of the brainstem contains the cardiovascular control center and the respiratory centers?

A

medulla oblongata

38
Q

can you list and describe the characteristics and functions of the cerebellum?

A

dorsal t the pons and inferior to the occipital lobe. forms posterior wall of the fourth ventricle. receives sensory input to make decision of the precise timing and pattern of the motor information that is traveling to the skeletal muscle

39
Q

can you list and describe the structures of the cerebellum?

A

structures:

a. right and left cerebellar hemispheres, separated by the vermis
b. each hemisphere has an anterior, posterior and floccolunodular lobe
c. it has a cortex and inner, branching white matter referred to as the arbor vitae

40
Q

do you understand why the cerebellum has “ipsilateral” control of body functions?

A

the information crosses twice, or not at all, therefore the information ends up on the same side of the body as the hemisphere of the cerebellum

41
Q

can you describe the components of the limbic system?

A

limbic system:

a. amygdala- memory and emotion
b. hypothalamus- emotions fear, rage, and pleasure and stress
c. cingulate gyrus- emotion
d. hippocampus- memory
e. fornix- fiber tracts that connect the limbic structures

42
Q

can you list the various protective structures surrounding the brain?

A

cranial bones, meninges, CSF and blood-brain barrier structures

43
Q

can you list the three connective tissue meninges and give the general functions of these coverings?

A

meninges:

a. Dura mater- tough protective covering with a periosteal and meningeal layer. The meningeal layer separates from the periosteal to form dural sinuses which collect venous blood and route it into the veins after exchanging old CSF. also forms the septa
b. Aracgnoid mater- loose middle layer. Has leg extensions. forms the subarachnoid space below it, which contains CSF
c. Pie mater- delicate, vascular layer that lines the surface of the brain

44
Q

can you describe the location, characteristics and functions of the following structures?

i. falx cerebri
ii. falx cerebelli
iii. tentorium cerebelli

A

a. falx cerebi- dura mater septa that folds into the longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres
b. falx cerebelli- dura mater septa that folds between the two cerebral hemispheres
c. tentorium cerebelli- folds into the transverse fissure between the crebrum and the cerebellum

45
Q

can you describe the location, composition, and function of CSF?

A

found in the ventricles, central canal and subarachnoid space of the nervous system. Same components as blood (because it is made from blood) with less protein and a different ion concentration. It contains nutrients for nervous tissues, supplies buoyancy, ptotects from trauma and is involved in chemical signaling between nervous components

46
Q

can you describe the choroid plexus compostion, location and function?

A

it is a patch pf capillaries on the roof of the ventricles and produces CSF

47
Q

can you list the components of the blood- brain barrier and give the function of this structure? which neuroglia are involved?

A

components:
a. capillary wall- these cells have plasma membranes that are selective against certain substances and act as a barrier against larger particles from leaving the blood
b. basal lamina- the secretions from the epithelia linings that act as a barrier
c. glial cells
i. astrocytes- barrier between capillaries ad neurons
ii. ependymal cells- barrier between CSF and nervous tissue

48
Q

can you desribe the location , legnth, and function of the spinal cord?

A

located in the vertebral canal, extends to L1 or L2 vertebrae and is an “information highway”

49
Q

do you kow what structures protect the spinal cord?

A

same as for the brain- bone(vertebral column), meninges, CSF and fat. ( not found around the brain)

50
Q

can you describe epidural space?

A

the space between the dura mater and the vertebral canal that contains fat to cushion the spinal cord

51
Q

can you describe the conus medullaris?

A

conical end of the cord at the level of L1 or L2 vertebra

52
Q

do you know how many spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord?

A

31 pairs

53
Q

can you list the four divisions of the spinal cord nerves?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral

54
Q

do you know what cauda equnina is?

A

collection of nerves that leave the end of the cord and have to travel downward to their exit points. named after a horses tail.

55
Q

can you define the following spinal cord anatomical terms?

a. anterior median fissure
b. posterior median sulcus
c. anterior lateral and posterior funiculi
d. gray commissure
e. central canal
f. epidural and sicnarachnoid spaces
g. pia, arachnoid, and dura maters
h. posterior (dorsal), anterior (ventral) and lateral horns
i. gray matter

A

a. anterior median fissure- valley at the front of the cord
b. posterior median sulcus- smaller indentation at the back of the cord
c. A,L,P funiculi- columns of white matter (fiber tracts) of the cord
d. gray commissure- gray matter bridge that connects the gray masses in each sided of the cord. contains the central canal
e. central canal- canal filled with CSF alongthe legnth of the cord
f. spaces
i. epidural- between the bone and dura mater and is filled with fay
ii. subarachnoid space- between arachnoid and pia maters and contains CSF
h. horns
i. ventral- motor information exists cord
ii. posterior horn- sensory information enters here
iii. lateral horn- only in the thoracic region. has autonomic( sympathetic) information
I. gray matter- neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons and glia of the cord

56
Q

can you describe the organization of gray matter of the spinal cord in terms of sensory and motor parts?

A

gray matter:

a. dorsal horns- the tip is somatic sensory afferent info and the portion toward the commissure is visceral sensory afferent information
b. ventral horns- tip is somatic motor efferent info and the portion near the commissure is the visceral motor efferent information

57
Q

can you describe the following four zones of gray matter and fo you know where they are located?

A

see card #56

58
Q

can you describe what funiculi are?

A

funiculii are columns of white matter in the spinal cord

anatomy (3 decks)

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