primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, broca’s area, frontal eye field
motor areas (cbrum)
houses large pyramidal cells, conscious control; frontal lobe
primary motor cortex (cbrum)
helps to plan movements; frontal lobe
premotor cortex (cbrum)
speech; frontal
broca’s area (cbrum)
movement of eyes
frontal eye field (cbrum)
primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association, visual areas, auditory areas, olfactory, visceral sensory
Sensory areas (cbrum)
receive information from general senses and proprioceptors
primary somatosensory cortex (cbrum)
integrate sensory inputs (temperature, pressure)
somatosensory association cortex (cbrum)
interpretation of visual stimulus; occipital lobe
visual association areas (cbrum)
memories of sounds heard in the past can be stored here; temporal lobe
auditory association area (cbrum)
balance
vestibular cortex (cbrum)
smell; temporal lobe
olfactory cortex (cbrum)
aids with intellect and learning
anterior association area, prefrontal cortex (cerebrum)
patterns (language)
posterior association area (cerebrum)
emotional impact
limbic association area (cbrum)
controls starting and stopping movements, plays a role in cognition and emotion, inhibits unnecessary or antagonistic movements
includes the caudate nucleus, putamen and the globus pallidus
basal nuclei (cbrum)
association fibers, commisional fibers, rejection fibers
white matter of the cerebrum
relay station for info going to the cerebral cortex, regulates emotion and visceral function, ventral lateral and ventral anterior nuclei;direct activity of motor cortices, lateral dorsal and lateral posterior nuclei; memory or sensory integration
Thalamus (diencephalon)
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
Diencephalon
Controls the ANS, initiates physical responses to emotions, regulates body temp., regulates food intake, regulate water balance and thirst, regulate sleep and wake cycles (suprachiasmatic nucleus), control the endocrine cycle
Hypothalamus (diencephalon)
mainly composed of pineal gland, produces melatonin, aids in our sleep and wake cycles
Epithalamus (diencephalon)
cerebral peduncle, corpora quadrigemina, red nucleus
Midbrain
tracts for descending motor pathways
cerebral penduncles
reflex center forehead and eye movement
corpora quadrigemina
relay for some motor pathways
red nucleus
deep projection fibers, middle cerebellar peduncles
pons
relay center between motor cortex and cerebellum
middle cerebellar peduncles
houses pyramids, interior olivary nuclei, cochlear nuclei, vestibular nuclei, ascending sensory tracts, cardio and respiration control centers
Medulla Oblongata
motor pathway tract, decussation of the pyramid-crossover
Pyramids
relay info to the cerebellum, degree of stretch in muscles
interior olivary nuclei
auditory relay
cochlear nuclei
mediate responses to maintain balance
vestibular nuclei
gracilis and cuneatus
ascending sensory tracts
connect cerebellum to the midbrain, carry info from the cerebellum to motor cortex via thalamus
Superior cerebral peduncles (bellum)
one way communication from the pons to the cerebellum
Middle cerebral peduncles (bellum)
connect medulla to cerebellum, convey sensory info from proprioceptors
inferior cerebral peduncles (bellum)
- motor cortex via brain stem informs cerebellum of intent to move
- receives info about body position
- cerebellar cortex calculates smoothest movement
- Via the SCP the cerebellum dispatches to the cerebral motor cortex its blueprint for coordinating movement
Cerebellar Processing
hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus
these are linked together by the fornix
components of the Limbic System
memory
hippocampus
emotional behavior, control over endocrine and autonomic function
amygdala
temperature, energy water balance, autonomic function
hypothalamus
central core of the brain stem
Reticular formation
keeps the cerebral cortex alert, filters 99% of all sensory stimuli
Reticular activating system
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
meninges
form a thick barrier
dura mater
subarachnoid space with is filled with cerebral spinal fluid, arachnoid granulations
Arachnoid mater
richly invested with tiny blood vessels
pia mater
produced by the choroid plexus, flows through ventricles, flows through SA space, absorbed in the dural venous sinus
cerebral spinal fluid
maintain proper environment, 3 layers, not found in areas that control vomiting or in the hypothalamus
Blood brain barrier
endothelium of the capillary wall, thick basal lamina, bulbous feet of astrocytes
layers of the blood brain barrier
damage to the dorsal root–> sensory tracts
paraesthesias
damage to ventral root, flaccid or spastic
paralysis
ventral root damage, no impulses reaching the muscle
flaccid paralysis
upper motor neuron damage
spastic paralysis
paraplegia (T1-L1), quadriplegia (cervical region)
transection
upper limbs, upper trunk, neck, touch pressure, body sense
synapse and crossover in the medulla
synapse in the thalamus
Destination: cerebral cortex
Fasciculus Cuneatus (dorsal column-medial lemniscal) Ascending
lower limbs, lower trunk, neck, touch pressure, body sense
synapse and crossover in the medulla, synapse in the thalamus
Destination:Cerebral cortex
Fasciculus Gracilis (Dorsal Column-medial lemniscal) Ascending
Pain and temperature
synapse and crossover in the spine, synapse in the thalamus
Destination: cerebral cortex
Lateral and ventral spinothalamic
Ascending
proprioreceptors; lower limbs
synapse in the spine and the cerebellum
Dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar
ascending
Start: cerebral cortex, crossover in medulla, synapse in spine
effector: skeletal muscles
Lateral coritcospinal pyramidal- direct
descending
start: cerebral cortex, crossover and synapse at the spine
effector: skeletal muscles
ventral corticospinal pyramidal- direct
descending
start and crossover at the midbrain, synapse at the spine
effector: subconscious control of eye neck movement
tectospinal indirect
start between medulla and pons, synapse at the spine
effector: balance and muscle tone
vestibulospinal indirect
start at the red nuclei and crossover, synapse at spine
effector: upper limb muscle tone, involuntary
rubrospinal indirect
start at reticular formation in the midbrain, pons and medulla, synapse in spine
effector: subconscious regulation of reflex activity
reticulospinal indirect