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Chapter 12: Host Defenses > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Immunities

A

three lines of defense which are multilevel networks of innate nonspecific protections

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2
Q

First Line of Defense

A

barriers that black invasion at portal of entry can be physical or chemical

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3
Q

Second line of defense

A

Protective cells, fluids, inflammation and phagocytosis

Ex) fever and antimicrobial protiens

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4
Q

Third line of defense

A

white blood cells AKA lymphocytes
long term immunity, specific
B and T cells

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5
Q

desquarnated

A

flushing effect of sweat glands helps remove microbes

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6
Q

lysozome

A

in tears and salive

an enzyme that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in cell wall of bacteria

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7
Q

immunology

A

the study of all features of the body’s second and third line of defenses

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8
Q

Healthy immune system responsibilities

A

surveillance
recognition of foreign materials
destructions of entities deemed foreign

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9
Q

search-recognize-destroy

A

immune system responsibilities

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10
Q

markers

A

surface chemicals immune systems uses to evaluate self form non self cells

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11
Q

pathogen associated molecular patters (PAMP)

A

`molecules on surface of many types of microbes that re NOT present on host cells they mark microbe as foreign

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12
Q

pattern recognition receptors

A

molecules on surface of host defense cells that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns

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13
Q

mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)

A

collection of monocytes and macrohages scattered throughout extracellular spaces that function to engulf and degrade foreign molecules
they can migrate to lymphatic system

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14
Q

ECF

A

extracellular fluid

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15
Q

lymphatic system

A

compartmentalized network of vessels, cells and specialized organs with special lymph that is filtered through nodes

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16
Q

Functions of lymphatic system 1

A

provide route for return of ECF to circulatory system

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17
Q

Functions of lymphatic system 2

A

“drain off” system for inflammatory response

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18
Q

Functions of lymphatic system 3

A

render surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials through a system of lymphocytes, phagocytes and antibodies

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19
Q

Bloodstream vs Lymphatic system (main two differences)

A

lymph system is one direction only (because of main function to return lymph fluid into circulation)
lymph is moved by contraction of skeletal muscles NOT a pump (heart)

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20
Q

thymus

A

site of maturation of T cells then travel to reside in other nodes throughout body

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21
Q

lymph nodes

A

small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs stationed all over

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22
Q

Main locations for lymph nodes

A

axillary, inguinal, cervical regions

thoracic and abdominal cavaties

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23
Q

spleen

A

upper left portion of abdominal cavity
filters BLOOD NOT LYMPH
removes worn out blood cells and pathogens via phagocytosis by macrophages

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24
Q

gut-associated lymphoid tissue

A

AKA GALT
lymphoid tissue in intestinal tract
examples are appendix, lacteals (inside each pillus)
peyers patches an illeum

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25
substance in arteries (BLOOD)
consists of whole blood, blood cells and plasma (serum)
26
hematopoiesis
production of a blood cells
27
stem cells
undifferentiated cells and primary precursor to new blood cells
28
erythrocytes
red blood cells
29
thrombocytes
white blood cells
30
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
a substance from macrophages, lymphocytes and other cells that increases chemotaxis and phagocytosis and stimulates other cells to secrete inflammatory cytokines. It also serves as an endogenous pyrogen that induces fever increases blood coagulation, supresses bone marrow and suppresses appetite
31
Interferons (IFNs)
produced by leukocytes fibroblasts and other cells inhibit virus replication and cell division and increase the action of certain lymphocytes that kill other cells. Interferons also reduce the amount of cholesterol in the body because cholesterol is used by bacteria and vruses as a nutrient that provides more innate protection
32
interleukin-1 (IL-1)
a product of macrophages and dendritic cells that has many of the same biological activities as TNF, such as inducing fever adn activation of certian white blood cells
33
interferon gamma
a T cell derived mediator who's primary function is to activate macrophages. It also promotes the differentiation of T and B cells, activates neutrophils and stimulates diapedesis
34
interleukin 5 activates
eosinophils and B cells
35
interleukin 10 inhibits
macrophages and stimulates B cells
36
interleukin 12 activates
T cells and killer cells
37
histamine
a vasoactive mediator produced by mast cells and basophils causes vasodilation increased vascular permeability and mucus production. It functions primarily in inflammation and allergy
38
serotonin
a mediator produced by platelets and intestinal cells, causes smooth muscle contraction inhibits gastric secretion and acts as a neurotransmitter
39
Bradykinin
a vasoactive amine from the blood or tissues, stimulates smooth muscle contraction and increases vasuclar permeability, mucus production and pain. It is particularly active in allergic reactions
40
Interleukin 2
primary growth factor from T cells
41
prostaglandins
produced by most body cells; complex chemical mediators that can have opposing effects (dilation or constricion of blood vessels) and are powerful stimulants of inflammation and pain
42
leukotrienes
stimulte the contraction of smooth muscles and enhance vascular permeability. They are implicated in more severe manifestations of immediate allergies
43
platelet-activating factor
a substance released form basophils, causes the aggregation of platelets and the release of other chemical mediators during immediate allergic reactions.
44
miscellaneous inflammatory mediators
prostaglandins leukotrienes platelet activating factor
45
cytokines that activate specific immune reactions
interferon gamma
46
vasoactive mediators
histamine serotonin bradykinin
47
nonspecific mediators of inflammation and immunity
``` tmor necrosis factor (TNF) interferons (IFNs) interleukin 1 (IL-1) ```
48
general activities of phagocytes 1
1 survey tissue compartments and discover microbes particular matter and injured/dead cells ex) dust, carbon particles, antigen-antibody complexes
49
general activities of phagocytes 2`
ingest and eliminate these materials
50
general activities of phagocytes 3`
extract immunogenic info (antigens) from foreign matter
51
neutrophils
mature granulocyte present in peripheral circulation present in bacerial infection a phagocytic cell
52
neutrophilia
high neutrophil count in blood
53
monocytes
a large mononuclear leukocyte normally found in nodes, spleen, bone, bone marrow and loose connective tissue 3-7% of leukocytes
54
macrophages
white blood cells derived form monocytes, leaves circulation enters tissues
55
role of macrophages
important in nonspecific phagocytosis and in regulating, stimulating and cleaning up after immune response
56
histiocytes
specialized macrophages live in tissue whole life
57
where histiocytes are found
alveolar macrophages, kupffer cells in liver, dendritic cells in skin, macrophages in spleen, nodes bone marrow bonde kidney and brain
58
events of phagocytosis
``` chemotaxis adhesion engulfment phagosome phagolysosome killing and destruction release of residual ` ```
59
inflammasomes
large protien in phagocytic cells that contain pattern recognition receptors to help these cells initiate inflammatory response
60
PRR
pattern recognition receptors
61
steps of inflammation
``` rubor calor tumor dolor loss of funtion ```
62
rubor
redness
63
calor
warmth
64
tumor
swelling
65
dolor
pain
66
chief functions of inflammation 1
mobilize and attract immune components to site of injury
67
chief functions of inflammation 2`
set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localize and clear away harmful substances
68
chief functions of inflammation 3
destroy microbes and block further invasion
69
cytokines
regulatory chemicals released by cells of the immune system that serve as signal between different cells
70
major functional types of categorization cytokines
1. cytokines that mediate nonspecific immune reactions such as inflammation and phagocytosis, 2. cytokines that activate immune reactions during inflammation, 3. vasoactive mediators, 4. cytokines that regulate the growth and activation of lymphocytes, 5. hematopoiesis factors for white blood cells, and 6. miscellaneous inflammatory mediators.
71
Stages of inflammation
1 injury immediate response 2 vascular reactions 3 edema and pus formation 4resolution/scar formation
72
diapedesis
migration of WBC to site of injury
73
pyrogens
substance that causes a rise in body temp
74
complement
in immunology serum protein components taht act in a definitne sequence when set in motion either by an antigen-antibody comples or by factors of the alternative pathway
75
complement cascade
C3 hydrolysis C3b cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b C5b, C6, C7,C8 and C9 together form the membrane attack complex (MAC) cell swells and bursts
76
antimicrobial peptides
are short protiens 12 to 50 amino acids taht have the capability of inserting themselves into bacterial membranes
77
names of antimicrobial proteins
defensin magainins protegrins
78
order of events in phagocytosis
chemotaxis endocytosis destruction excretion
79
correct order for stages of complement activation
initiation amplification polymerization membrane attack
80
components of second line of defense
fever antimicrobial proteins inflammation phagocytosis
81
benefits of fever
``` increased levels of phagocytosis stimulation of hematopoiesis inhibited growth of temperature sensitive microbes stimulation of host immune reactions increased hots metablolism ```

Chapter 12: Host Defenses (1 decks)

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