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Anatomy 141 > chapter 12 > Flashcards

chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

The Endocrine System Introduction Maintains what.

A

Maintains internal environment (homeostasis)

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2
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamus: sends chemical signals to pituitary

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3
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless

Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream

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4
Q

PINEAL

A

PINEAL

(melatonin)

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5
Q

THYROID

A

THYROID

(Thyroid Hormone)

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6
Q

PARATHYROID

A

PARATHYROID
(Parathyroid Hormone)
(Calcitonin)

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7
Q

ADRENAL

A

ADRENAL
(Epinephrine,
Norepinephrine,
Cortisol, Aldosterone)

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8
Q

THYMUS

A

THYMUS

(Thymoxin)

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9
Q

PANCREAS

A

PANCREAS

(Insulin)

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10
Q

The Functions of Hormones

A

Control cellular respiration, growth and reproduction
Control body fluids and electrolyte balance
Control secretion of other hormones
Control behavior patterns
Regulate reproductive cycles, growth and development
Chemical control functions as negative feedback loop
Thermostat turns furnace on when temperature falls below set point
Hormones function similarly

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11
Q

The Classification of Hormones

A 
1. Modified amino acids 
Epinephrine, oxytocin
2. Proteins 
Insulin, growth hormones
3. Steroid 
Cortisol, estrogen
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12
Q

Modified amino acids

A
  1. Epinephrine

2. oxytocin

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13
Q

Proteins

A
  1. Insulin,

2. growth hormones

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14
Q

Steroid

A
  1. Cortisol,

2. estrogen

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15
Q

The Hypothalamus of the Brain

A

Nerve cells produce chemical signals
Releasing hormones
Releasing inhibitory hormones
Controlled by negative feedback from endocrine system

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16
Q

Nerve cells produce chemical signals

A

Nerve cells produce chemical signals
Releasing hormones
Releasing inhibitory hormones
Controlled by negative feedback from endocrine system

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17
Q

The Master Gland:

A

The Master Gland: Hypothalamus

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18
Q

The Major Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones

A 
The Major Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
Testes & Ovaries
Thymus Gland
Pineal Gland
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19
Q

The Major Endocrine Glands

A

The Anterior Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

The Posterior Pituitary Gland

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20
Q

The Anterior Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) and Its Hormones

A

Prolactin (PRL)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Adreno-corticotrophin Hormone (ACTH)

Growth Hormone (GH)

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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21
Q

The Anterior Pituitary Gland: 
(FLAT PiG M)

A
  1. F-ollicle-stimulating hormone
  2. L-uteinizing hormone (LH)
  3. A-drenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH):
  4. T-hyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH):
  5. P-rolactin (Lactogenic hormone):
  6. G-rowth hormone (GH):
  7. M-elanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH):
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22
Q

Sex Hormones:

A
  1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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23
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Females
Stimulates ovarian follicle development

Males
Stimulates sperm cell production

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24
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A 
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Females- Stimulates OVULATION and Progesterone production

Males- Testosterone production

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25
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH):
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete: 1. Glucocorticosteroids (Steroids, Cortisol) 2. Androgens (Estrogen & Testosterone) 3. Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
26
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH):
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulates thyroid to secrete: TH (Thyroid Hormones)
27
Prolactin (Lactogenic hormone):
Prolactin (Lactogenic hormone): Stimulates: milk production in females May cause decrease in male sex hormones
28
Growth hormone (GH):
Growth hormone (GH): cell metabolism and growth
29
Decreased production of growth hormone
DWARFISM: childhood
30
increased production of growth hormone
Increased production GIGANTISM: childhood ACROMEGALY: post puberty/adult
31
Growth hormone is controlled by what?
Controlled by two releasing hormones from hypothalamus
32
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH):
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): stimulates melanocytes to secrete: Melanin hormone
33
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
``` Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) water reabsorption in kidney tubules Deficiency results in Diabetes Insipidus Regulated through osmoreceptors Dehydration causes water conservation ```
34
Oxytocin
Oxytocin - Contraction of uterine smooth muscles - Lactation (Constriction of mammary gland cells ) *** DIFFERENT FROM PROLACTIN: Prolactin: milk PRODUCTION Oxytocin: milk LET DOWN - Given after childbirth to constrict blood vessels to minimize risk of hemorrhage
35
F- FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
Ovaries, Testes Stimulates ovarian follicle & sperm cell production
36
L- LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
Ovaries, Testes Stimulates ovulation and progesterone & testosterone production
37
A- ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone)
Adrenal Gland Cortex | Stimulates Adrenal Gland
38
T- TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
Thyroid Gland | Stimulates Thyroid Gland
39
P- Prolactin
Mammary Gland | Milk production
40
G- GH (Growth Hormone)
Bone, Muscles, Liver, Tissues | Promote cell metabolism & growth
41
M- MSH (Melanoctye Stimulating Hormone)
Melanocytes | Stimulates Melanocytes
42
A- ADH (Anti- Diuretic Hormone)
Kidneys | Reabsorb Water
43
O- Oxytocin
- Mammary Gland - Uterus - Lactation, Uterus contraction
44
The Thyroid Gland Hormones:
Thyroxine (T4): Triiodothyronine (T3): Calcitonin:
45
Thyroxine (T4):
Thyroxine (T4): metabolism
46
Triiodothyronine (T3):
Triiodothyronine (T3): metabolism
47
Calcitonin:
Calcitonin: regulation of calcium and phosphate concentration
48
HYPERTHYROIDISM
HYPERTHYROIDISM (Excessive Thyroid Hormones) Weight loss, fatigue, palpitations of the heart, nervousness, and slight tremors in the hands
49
Graves Disease
``` Graves Disease Above symptoms PLUS: - Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland) - Exophthalmos (abnormal protrusion of the eyes) ``` Tx: Radioactive Iodine and other medications
50
HYPOTHROIDISM
HYPOTHROIDISM | (Thyroid Hormones Deficiency)
51
HYPOTHROIDISM in KIDS
KIDS: Cretinism (mental retardation & growth)
52
HYPOTHROIDISM in ADULTS:
ADULTS: metabolism -> Chronic fatigue & Weight Gain; Myxedema (an accumulation of fluid in subcutaneous tissues)
53
treatment of hypothyroidism
Tx: Thyroid hormones
54
Position of the parathyroid glands:
Position of the parathyroid glands: | within the posterior thyroid gland
55
The Parathyroid Glands, Their Hormones and Some Disorders
``` Chief cells- secrete parathormone (PTH) PTH stimulates bone cell release of calcium and phosphate Hyperparathyroidism Breakdown of bone matrix Hypoparathyroidism Low calcium level in blood ```
56
Diabetes insipidus
problems regulating ADH
57
the adrenal glands are located where?
Located on top of each kidney
58
Adrenal cortex hormones:
``` Adrenal cortex hormones: Glucocorticoids (steroids) i.e. Cortisol Mineralocorticoids i.e. Aldosterone Androgens i.e. Testosterone ```
59
The Adrenal Glands disorders
1. Addison’s Disease: LACK of adrenal cortex hormones | 2. Cushing’s Syndrome: TOO MUCH adrenal cortex hormones
60
Cushing’s Syndrome
``` -Cushing’s Syndrome Chronic Excessive Cortisol Symptoms: M & M Man: Central Obesity, Red, Moon face, with skinny extremities Immune system - High Blood Pressure ```
61
Stress
Stress Excessive Epinephrine (  blood glucose) Excessive Cortisol (  fat release) Chronic symptoms: includes Depression, Obesity, fatigue, decrease in Immune system
62
Aldosteronism
``` Aldosteronism Excessive Aldosterone Symptoms: HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE (due to salt & water retention) low blood K+ and high blood pH ```
63
Islets of Langerhans Cells:
Islets of Langerhans Cells: Beta cells: insulin production Alpha cells: glucagon production Blood glucose levels regulated by negative feedback
64
Pancreas Disorders
Disorders Low blood glucose: Acidosis High blood glucose: excess kidney production, Dehydration Diabetes mellitus: insufficient insulin production
65
Key Endocrine System Disorders
Diabetes Mellitus (Pancreas) or no insulin Hyperglycemia, hyperglucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia Tx: Drugs that decrease blood sugar; Insulin (if severe) ***Diabetes Mellitus DOES NOT = Diabetes Insipidus Diabetes Insipidus (Kidneys) or no Anti- diuretic Hormone (ADH) Polyuria & polydipsia leading to SEVERE DEHYDRATION Tx: ADH
66
Diabetes Mellitus (Pancreas)
Diabetes Mellitus (Pancreas) or no insulin Hyperglycemia, hyperglucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia Tx: Drugs that decrease blood sugar; Insulin (if severe) ***Diabetes Mellitus DOES NOT = Diabetes Insipidus
67
Diabetes Insipidus (Kidneys)
Diabetes Insipidus (Kidneys) or no Anti- diuretic Hormone (ADH) Polyuria & polydipsia leading to SEVERE DEHYDRATION Tx: ADH
68
Testes:
Testes: Testosterone Development of male reproduction structures Development of male sex characteristics Ovaries: Estrogen and Progesterone Development of female reproductive organs Development of female sex characteristics Control menstrual cycle
69
Ovaries:
Ovaries: Estrogen and Progesterone Development of female reproductive organs Development of female sex characteristics Control menstrual cycle
70
The Thymus Gland is located behind what
Located behind the sternum
71
The thymus gland secretes
Secretes Thymosin
72
The thymus gland is important for
Important for T-cell production (Immune Response)
73
the thymus gland does what as we age
Thymus shrinks as we age
74
The Pineal Gland is located where
Located in the brain near the thalamus
75
Hormones in the penal gland
1. Melatonin | 2. Serotonin
76
Melatonin
Melatonin Inhibits reproductive functions Regulates body rhythms Circadian Rhythm
77
Serotonin
Serotonin: neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor | Stimulates smooth muscle contractions
78
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Due to overproduction of melatonin (and decreased serotonin) that occurs in climate zones that have cloudy winter months with little bright sunshine (i.e. The state Washington) Type of DEPRESSION Treatment: Bright Light, Medications, &/ or Psychotherapy

Anatomy 141 (19 decks)

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