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Anatomy 141 > chapter 12 > Flashcards

chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

The Endocrine System Introduction Maintains what.

A

Maintains internal environment (homeostasis)

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2
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamus: sends chemical signals to pituitary

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3
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless

Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream

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4
Q

PINEAL

A

PINEAL

(melatonin)

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5
Q

THYROID

A

THYROID

(Thyroid Hormone)

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6
Q

PARATHYROID

A

PARATHYROID
(Parathyroid Hormone)
(Calcitonin)

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7
Q

ADRENAL

A

ADRENAL
(Epinephrine,
Norepinephrine,
Cortisol, Aldosterone)

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8
Q

THYMUS

A

THYMUS

(Thymoxin)

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9
Q

PANCREAS

A

PANCREAS

(Insulin)

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10
Q

The Functions of Hormones

A

Control cellular respiration, growth and reproduction
Control body fluids and electrolyte balance
Control secretion of other hormones
Control behavior patterns
Regulate reproductive cycles, growth and development
Chemical control functions as negative feedback loop
Thermostat turns furnace on when temperature falls below set point
Hormones function similarly

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11
Q

The Classification of Hormones

A 
1. Modified amino acids 
Epinephrine, oxytocin
2. Proteins 
Insulin, growth hormones
3. Steroid 
Cortisol, estrogen
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12
Q

Modified amino acids

A
  1. Epinephrine

2. oxytocin

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13
Q

Proteins

A
  1. Insulin,

2. growth hormones

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14
Q

Steroid

A
  1. Cortisol,

2. estrogen

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15
Q

The Hypothalamus of the Brain

A

Nerve cells produce chemical signals
Releasing hormones
Releasing inhibitory hormones
Controlled by negative feedback from endocrine system

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16
Q

Nerve cells produce chemical signals

A

Nerve cells produce chemical signals
Releasing hormones
Releasing inhibitory hormones
Controlled by negative feedback from endocrine system

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17
Q

The Master Gland:

A

The Master Gland: Hypothalamus

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18
Q

The Major Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones

A 
The Major Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
Testes & Ovaries
Thymus Gland
Pineal Gland
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19
Q

The Major Endocrine Glands

A

The Anterior Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

The Posterior Pituitary Gland

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20
Q

The Anterior Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) and Its Hormones

A

Prolactin (PRL)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Adreno-corticotrophin Hormone (ACTH)

Growth Hormone (GH)

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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21
Q

The Anterior Pituitary Gland: 
(FLAT PiG M)

A
  1. F-ollicle-stimulating hormone
  2. L-uteinizing hormone (LH)
  3. A-drenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH):
  4. T-hyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH):
  5. P-rolactin (Lactogenic hormone):
  6. G-rowth hormone (GH):
  7. M-elanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH):
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22
Q

Sex Hormones:

A
  1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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23
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Females
Stimulates ovarian follicle development

Males
Stimulates sperm cell production

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24
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A 
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Females- Stimulates OVULATION and Progesterone production

Males- Testosterone production

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25
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH):

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete:

  1. Glucocorticosteroids (Steroids, Cortisol)
  2. Androgens (Estrogen & Testosterone)
  3. Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
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26
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH):

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulates thyroid to secrete:
TH (Thyroid Hormones)

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27
Q

Prolactin (Lactogenic hormone):

A

Prolactin (Lactogenic hormone):
Stimulates: milk production in females
May cause decrease in male sex hormones

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28
Q

Growth hormone (GH):

A

Growth hormone (GH): cell metabolism and growth

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29
Q

Decreased production of growth hormone

A

DWARFISM: childhood

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30
Q

increased production of growth hormone

A

Increased production
GIGANTISM: childhood
ACROMEGALY: post puberty/adult

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31
Q

Growth hormone is controlled by what?

A

Controlled by two releasing hormones from hypothalamus

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32
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH):

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): stimulates melanocytes to secrete:
Melanin hormone

33
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
 water reabsorption in kidney tubules
Deficiency results in Diabetes Insipidus
Regulated through osmoreceptors
Dehydration causes water conservation
34
Q

Oxytocin

A

Oxytocin
- Contraction of uterine smooth muscles
- Lactation (Constriction of mammary gland cells )
*** DIFFERENT FROM PROLACTIN:
Prolactin: milk PRODUCTION
Oxytocin: milk LET DOWN
- Given after childbirth to constrict blood vessels to minimize risk of hemorrhage

35
Q

F- FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

A

Ovaries, Testes

Stimulates ovarian follicle & sperm cell production

36
Q

L- LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

A

Ovaries, Testes

Stimulates ovulation and progesterone & testosterone production

37
Q

A- ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone)

A

Adrenal Gland Cortex

Stimulates Adrenal Gland

38
Q

T- TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

A

Thyroid Gland

Stimulates Thyroid Gland

39
Q

P- Prolactin

A

Mammary Gland

Milk production

40
Q

G- GH (Growth Hormone)

A

Bone, Muscles, Liver, Tissues

Promote cell metabolism & growth

41
Q

M- MSH (Melanoctye Stimulating Hormone)

A

Melanocytes

Stimulates Melanocytes

42
Q

A- ADH (Anti- Diuretic Hormone)

A

Kidneys

Reabsorb Water

43
Q

O- Oxytocin

A
  • Mammary Gland
  • Uterus
  • Lactation, Uterus contraction
44
Q

The Thyroid Gland Hormones:

A

Thyroxine (T4):
Triiodothyronine (T3):
Calcitonin:

45
Q

Thyroxine (T4):

A

Thyroxine (T4): metabolism

46
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3):

A

Triiodothyronine (T3): metabolism

47
Q

Calcitonin:

A

Calcitonin: regulation of calcium and phosphate concentration

48
Q

HYPERTHYROIDISM

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM
(Excessive Thyroid Hormones)
Weight loss, fatigue, palpitations of the heart, nervousness, and slight tremors in the hands

49
Q

Graves Disease

A 
Graves Disease 
Above symptoms PLUS:
     - Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)
     - Exophthalmos 
      (abnormal protrusion of the eyes)

Tx: Radioactive Iodine and other medications

50
Q

HYPOTHROIDISM

A

HYPOTHROIDISM

(Thyroid Hormones Deficiency)

51
Q

HYPOTHROIDISM in KIDS

A

KIDS: Cretinism (mental retardation & growth)

52
Q

HYPOTHROIDISM in ADULTS:

A

ADULTS: metabolism -> Chronic fatigue & Weight Gain; Myxedema (an accumulation of fluid in subcutaneous tissues)

53
Q

treatment of hypothyroidism

A

Tx: Thyroid hormones

54
Q

Position of the parathyroid glands:

A

Position of the parathyroid glands:

within the posterior thyroid gland

55
Q

The Parathyroid Glands, Their Hormones and Some Disorders

A 
Chief cells- secrete parathormone (PTH)
PTH stimulates bone cell release of calcium and phosphate
Hyperparathyroidism
Breakdown of bone matrix
Hypoparathyroidism
Low calcium level in blood
56
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

problems regulating ADH

57
Q

the adrenal glands are located where?

A

Located on top of each kidney

58
Q

Adrenal cortex hormones:

A 
Adrenal cortex hormones:
Glucocorticoids (steroids)
i.e. Cortisol
Mineralocorticoids
i.e. Aldosterone
Androgens
i.e. Testosterone
59
Q

The Adrenal Glands disorders

A
  1. Addison’s Disease: LACK of adrenal cortex hormones

2. Cushing’s Syndrome: TOO MUCH adrenal cortex hormones

60
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A 
-Cushing’s Syndrome  
Chronic Excessive Cortisol
Symptoms: 
M & M Man: Central Obesity, Red, Moon face, with skinny extremities
 Immune system
- High Blood Pressure
61
Q

Stress

A

Stress
Excessive Epinephrine (  blood glucose)
Excessive Cortisol (  fat release)
Chronic symptoms: includes Depression, Obesity, fatigue, decrease in Immune system

62
Q

Aldosteronism

A 
Aldosteronism 
Excessive Aldosterone
Symptoms:
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE (due to salt & water retention) 
low blood K+ and  high blood pH
63
Q

Islets of Langerhans Cells:

A

Islets of Langerhans Cells:
Beta cells: insulin production
Alpha cells: glucagon production
Blood glucose levels regulated by negative feedback

64
Q

Pancreas Disorders

A

Disorders
Low blood glucose: Acidosis
High blood glucose: excess kidney production, Dehydration
Diabetes mellitus: insufficient insulin production

65
Q

Key Endocrine System Disorders

A

Diabetes Mellitus (Pancreas)
or no insulin
Hyperglycemia, hyperglucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia
Tx: Drugs that decrease blood sugar; Insulin (if severe)

***Diabetes Mellitus DOES NOT = Diabetes Insipidus

Diabetes Insipidus (Kidneys)
or no Anti- diuretic Hormone (ADH)
Polyuria & polydipsia leading to SEVERE DEHYDRATION
Tx: ADH

66
Q

Diabetes Mellitus (Pancreas)

A

Diabetes Mellitus (Pancreas)
or no insulin
Hyperglycemia, hyperglucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia
Tx: Drugs that decrease blood sugar; Insulin (if severe)

***Diabetes Mellitus DOES NOT = Diabetes Insipidus

67
Q

Diabetes Insipidus (Kidneys)

A

Diabetes Insipidus (Kidneys)
or no Anti- diuretic Hormone (ADH)
Polyuria & polydipsia leading to SEVERE DEHYDRATION
Tx: ADH

68
Q

Testes:

A

Testes: Testosterone
Development of male reproduction structures
Development of male sex characteristics
Ovaries: Estrogen and Progesterone
Development of female reproductive organs
Development of female sex characteristics
Control menstrual cycle

69
Q

Ovaries:

A

Ovaries: Estrogen and Progesterone
Development of female reproductive organs
Development of female sex characteristics
Control menstrual cycle

70
Q

The Thymus Gland is located behind what

A

Located behind the sternum

71
Q

The thymus gland secretes

A

Secretes Thymosin

72
Q

The thymus gland is important for

A

Important for T-cell production (Immune Response)

73
Q

the thymus gland does what as we age

A

Thymus shrinks as we age

74
Q

The Pineal Gland is located where

A

Located in the brain near the thalamus

75
Q

Hormones in the penal gland

A
  1. Melatonin

2. Serotonin

76
Q

Melatonin

A

Melatonin
Inhibits reproductive functions
Regulates body rhythms
Circadian Rhythm

77
Q

Serotonin

A

Serotonin: neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor

Stimulates smooth muscle contractions

78
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

A

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Due to overproduction of melatonin (and decreased serotonin) that occurs in climate zones that have cloudy winter months with little bright sunshine (i.e. The state Washington)
Type of DEPRESSION
Treatment: Bright Light, Medications, &/ or Psychotherapy

Anatomy 141 (19 decks)

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