Chapter 12: Populations in Focus

Question 1

The CSC considers those over __ to be “older” offenders.

Answer 1

50.

Question 2

What percentage of incarcerated offenders is 50 or over?

Answer 2

20%.

Question 3

Due to an aging population, the proportion of older offenders is ___.

Answer 3

Increasing.

Question 4

Due to an aging population, the proportion of older offenders is ___.

Answer 4

Increasing.

Question 5

About __% of older offenders were incarcerated from when they were young, and __% have been in and out of prison all their lives.

Answer 5

10, 17.

Question 6

__% of older offenders are serving their first prison sentence and finding it difficult to adjust to prison life.

Answer 6

73.

Question 7

What types of crime are more likely committed by older populations, and as a result are less affected by demographic shifts?

Answer 7

Sexual assault and driving while intoxicated.

Question 8

How is physical health an issue for older offenders?

Answer 8

Aging process is accelerated in prison, and may not have had medical or dental care on the outside as they are often from low socio-economic statuses. More likely to experience chronic health problems and experience them earlier. May have mobility or sensory impairments, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and may be issues of palliative care.

Question 9

What are some social and safety challenges in incarcerating older offenders?

Answer 9

Stress of incarceration is amplified by age, vulnerable to threats by younger offenders, lack of appropriate programming, and employment and vocational training makes no sense.

Question 10

The CSC created an older offender division in ___.

Answer 10

2000.

Question 11

What are some recommendations made concerning the treatment of older offenders?

Answer 11

Appropriately trained and experienced staff, accommodating older prison population, and a national older offender strategy.

Question 12

Female offenders make up a very ___ proportion of the prison population.

Answer 12

Small.

Question 13

Rates for the percentage of female inmates is ___.

Answer 13

Increasing.

Question 14

Rates for the percentage of female inmates is ___.

Answer 14

Increasing.

Question 15

Where were female offenders initially sent?

Answer 15

Kingston Penitentiary.

Question 16

What was opened to replace Kingston as a women’s institution?

Answer 16

P4W.

Question 17

What were some complaints filed against P4W?

Answer 17

• Issues of separation from family.
• Complaints about a serious lack of programming for women.
• Issues with the over-classification of women.
• Concerns raised about the various abuses within the institution.

Question 18

What was the name of the report in 1990 that called for the closure of the P4W and the construction of 5 new regional facilities located throughout the countries in addition to 1 new healing lodge?

Answer 18

Creating Choices.

Question 19

What were some key principles of the recommendations made by Creating Choices?

Answer 19

Empowerment, meaningful and responsible choices, respect and dignity, supportive environments, and shared responsibility.

Question 20

What was the problem with the recommendations made by Creating Choices?

Answer 20

There were no clearly defined measures.

Question 21

What were some problems with the new women’s regional centres?

Answer 21

They could not accommodate maximum-security prisoners properly, and did not recognize that women could be high risk.

Question 22

What were some problems with the new women’s regional centres?

Answer 22

They could not accommodate maximum-security prisoners properly, and did not recognize that women could be high risk.

Question 23

What types of crime are committed by female offenders?

Answer 23

Non-violent, property, and drug offences.

Question 24

Women are more likely than men to be ___ on admission.

Answer 24

Unemployed.

Question 25

1/3 of provincial and 1/2 of female federal inmates have completed no more than grade _.

Answer 25

9.

Question 26

Female offenders are disproportionally ___.

Answer 26

Aboriginal.

Question 27

2/3 of female federal inmates are ___.

Answer 27

Mothers.

Question 28

Up to 90% of female federal inmates report having been...

Answer 28

Sexually or physically abused.

Question 29

Substance use is estimated at over __% for female federal inmates.

Answer 29

90.

Question 30

Almost 25% of female inmates engage in...

Answer 30

Self-Injurious behaviour.

Question 31

Female inmates are _ times more likely to be diagnosed with depression than men.

Answer 31

3.

Question 32

In prisons, there is a great deal of variation in ___ identity.

Answer 32

Gender.

Question 33

How are homosexual individuals treated in prison?

Answer 33

Homophobic practices are common.

Question 34

What is an argument stated for segregating gays?

Answer 34

It is done for safety.

Question 35

How are transgendered inmates treated in prison?

Answer 35

- Rampant homophobia. - Verbal, physical, or sexual assault by other inmates or staff. - More likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder. - Suffer from alcohol or drug abuse. - History of suicidal thoughts. - 40% have worked in sex trade. - 60=80% are HIV-positive.

Question 36

What is Canada's policy on GID?

Answer 36

Inmates may be recognized as transgendered if they have been assessed and diagnosed by an expert in GID; inmates may initiate or continue with hormone therapy while incarcerated and may be permitted to cross-dress; pre-operative inmates will be housed in a facility consistent with their birth sex.

Question 37

In rare cases, the CSC will pay for an inmate to have ___ ___ surgery.

Answer 37

Sex-reassignment.

Question 38

Offenders who abuse drugs and alcohol tend to mirror the general population's usage, but...

Answer 38

The problems they experience tend to be more frequent and more serious.

Question 39

What percentage of crimes can be attributed to the use of alcohol and/or illicit substances?

Answer 39

40-50%.

Question 40

Give examples of direct and indirect ways that substance abuse can be involved in a crime.

Answer 40

Direct- when you are drunk and you kill someone. | Indirect- when you steal because you need money for drugs.

Question 41

Substance abuse is considered to be a key predictor of ___ and is interconnected with other criminogenic needs.

Answer 41

Recidivism.

Question 42

Substance abuse is considered to be a key predictor of ___ and is interconnected with other criminogenic needs.

Answer 42

Recidivism.

Question 43

Since substance abuse is so closely correlated with recidivism, it is a common target of...

Answer 43

Institutional assessment and programming.

Question 44

What are some issues raised by substance use in prison?

Answer 44

- Detoxification on admission. - Treatment, security, and safety (treatment puts strain on system, security is tested as inmates smuggle drugs in, and safety to staff and other inmates is also challenged).

Question 45

What approach would be most appropriate to substance abuse related crimes?

Answer 45

Harm reduction approach.

Question 46

What is the Reception Awareness Program?

Answer 46

When inmates are educated on programs available, given assessment offered treatment upon admittance.

Question 47

What other kinds of supports are available to those who enter prison with a drug problem, other than the Reception Awareness Program?

Answer 47

National HIV/AIDS peer education and counselling, access to bleach kids, condoms and dental dams, methadone maintenance programs.

Question 48

What other kinds of supports are available to those who enter prison with a drug problem, other than the Reception Awareness Program?

Answer 48

National HIV/AIDS peer education and counselling, access to bleach kids, condoms and dental dams, methadone maintenance programs.

Question 49

How many dangerous offenders are there in Canada?

Answer 49

~500.

Question 50

Describe the profile of DO's in Canada.

Answer 50

Mostly male, 70% represent sexual offences.

Question 51

___ who are declared dangerous offenders commit lesser degrees of violence than men. Not nearly the level of violence.

Answer 51

Women.

Question 52

Dangerous offenders may require ___ from the general population.

Answer 52

Separation.

Question 53

SHOE houses the...

Answer 53

Most dangerous of the dangerous offenders.

Question 54

Offenders held in segregation cannot participate in ___ ___.

Answer 54

Regular programming.

Question 55

How would you classify a sex offender?

Answer 55

Those whose most serious offence is sexual assault.

Question 56

Sexual assault is among the least likely to be reported, so...

Answer 56

The actual number in the community is much higher.

Question 57

Low-risk sex offenders are treated under the...

Answer 57

National Sex Offender Program.

Question 58

The National Sex Offender Program is not as successful with...

Answer 58

Moderate and high risk offenders.

Question 59

The National Sex Offender Program is a ___-based program.

Answer 59

Cognitive.

Question 60

What kinds of issues does the National Sex Offender Program address?

Answer 60

Way of thinking (only yes means yes), cognitive distortions, deviant arousal and fantasy, anger and emotion management, empathy and victim awareness.

Question 61

The National Sex Offender Program has shown to be effective at...

Answer 61

Reducing recidivism.

Question 62

Can you cure sex offenders?

Answer 62

No, you give them tools or management strategies to control their behaviour.

Question 63

Female sex offenders represent ___ of all sex offenders.

Answer 63

4-5%.

Question 64

Female sex offenders have ___ rates of recidivism than do their male counterparts.

Answer 64

Lower.

Question 65

Sex offenders are among the most ___ offenders, and as a result often require segregation.

Answer 65

Loathed.

Question 66

Why does the reintegration of sex offenders present risks?

Answer 66

They have to disclose, so their employment opportunities are not good (especially those who have victimized children).

Question 67

Why does the reintegration of sex offenders present risks?

Answer 67

They have to disclose, so their employment opportunities are not good (especially those who have victimized children).

Question 68

On admission to a federal offender, 13% of male offenders and 19% of female offenders are identified as having...

Answer 68

Mental health issues.

Question 69

Federal protocols require the provision of ___ services.

Answer 69

Psychological.

Question 70

All offenders are screened on intake. What is the purpose of this initial screening?

Answer 70

To be gender and culturally sensitive, and to see if what is warranted is more intensive assessments.

Question 71

Participation in treatment is usually ___, unless...

Answer 71

Voluntary, they pose a danger to others or themselves.

Question 72

Staff are primarily concerned with what activities related to mentally ill offenders?

Answer 72

Self-mutilation and suicide.

Question 73

Correctional staff do not understand the distinction between ___ and ___ in mentally ill offenders.

Answer 73

Self-harm and attempted suicide.

Question 74

Correctional staff are more likely to respond to self-injurious behaviours as ___ ___ rather than...

Answer 74

Security threats, a call for help.

Question 75

Correctional staff are more likely to respond to self-injurious behaviours as ___ ___ rather than...

Answer 75

Security threats, a call for help.

Question 76

Prison staff are not trained to distinguish ___ from ___, and any inappropriate behaviour is treated as a threat to security.

Answer 76

Mad, bad.

Question 77

Inmates who engage in self-injurious behaviour often end up getting punished rather than helped...

Answer 77

Compounding an already bad situation.

Question 78

Are institutions equipped to deal with proper intervention for self-injurious behaviour?

Answer 78

No. At best, they can provide crisis management, and a lot of people have concluded that prisons have become warehouses for the mentally ill.

Question 79

What is de-institutionalization?

Answer 79

The release of large numbers of institutionalized patients and their subsequent placement and care in the community.

Question 80

When was de-institutionalization in effect?

Answer 80

Started in the 1960's, and got underway in the mid-late 1970's and 1980's.

Question 81

The psychiatric inpatient population decreased by __% as a result of deinstitutionalization.

Answer 81

75.

Question 82

What were the causes of this deinstitutionalization?

Answer 82

- Many didn't need to be there in the first place. - Development of drugs to manage symptoms in community. - Biggest push was about cost-saving (this was the biggest motivator).

Question 83

Money saved in deinstitutionalization was not put into community supports or programs. As a result, what ended up happening?

Answer 83

People held in institutions for decades were released into the community with few, if any supports, and resulted in the criminalization of mental health.

Question 84

What is the criminalization of mental health?

Answer 84

The downloading of responsibility for mental illness to the criminal courts and correctional institutions.

Question 85

What is the Phenomenon of Trans-Institutionalzation?

Answer 85

Those who were housed in mental hospitals went straight to prison.

Question 86

Those who used to be housed in mental hospitals would often be incarcerated for...

Answer 86

Low-level non-violent offences.

Question 87

True or false? Providing mental health treatment is a mandate of prisons.

Answer 87

False.

Question 88

True or false? Prison environments are conducive to good mental health.

Answer 88

False.

Question 89

What is the Revolving Door Problem?

Answer 89

People do not have supports to they end up going to jail, and their problems get more and more severe over time because they have a history.

Question 90

What is the Revolving Door Problem?

Answer 90

People do not have supports to they end up going to jail, and their problems get more and more severe over time because they have a history.

Question 91

Aboriginal offenders are grossly ___ in all stages of the criminal justice system and in corrections.

Answer 91

Overrepresented.

Question 92

What population comprises 18% of federal offenders, but only 2.8% of the Canadian adult population?

Answer 92

Aboriginal.

Question 93

___ is a major contributor to this over-representation, including the residential school system, reserve system, and the Indian Act.

Answer 93

Colonialism.

Question 94

The Aboriginal population is a ___ population so chances are, things will get worse.

Answer 94

Young.

Question 95

How are Aboriginal offenders treated? Give examples.

Answer 95

- More likely to be put in segregation. - More likely to be classified as high-risk and high-needs. - Tend to serve more of their sentences before they are released. - When on conditional release, more likely to have it revoked. - More liely to have had previous youth/adult sentence.

Question 96

What is the Glade Decision?

Answer 96

A landmark supreme court case that stipulated that courts have to consider colonialist actions targeting Aboriginal people, and must take into account cultural factors in determining what an appropriate sentence would be.

Question 97

What does the Corrections and Conditional Release Act of 1992 do?

Answer 97

Allows for Aboriginal involvement in the development of correctional services, policies, and programs.

Question 98

What is na example of a measure that has been instilled as a result of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act of 1992?

Answer 98

Aboriginal healing lodges.