Chapter 13

Question 1

The view that developmental changes continue beyond adulthood, period continues to change and adapt throughout their entire lives.

Answer 1

life span approach to development

Question 2

A method for investigating cognition in infants using a mobile hanging over a young infants crib. A ribbon connects the infants ankle and the mobile so that the infants kicks will make the the mobile move. Researchers can test an infants memory by determining the amount of time that can elapse between the original learning and the infants recall of the kicking response

Answer 2

Conjugate Reinforcement Technique

Question 3

When learning new material the situation in which the learner distributes her or his practices over time, this learning is more effective then____

Answer 3

Spaced Learning, massed learning

Question 4

When learning new material the situation in which the learner practices the material all at the same time by cramming this learning strategy is called cramming it is less effective then ___

Answer 4

Mass Learning/ Spaced learning

Question 5

Memory for experiences and information related to oneself._____memory usually includes a verbal narrative. Research in this area typically examines recall for events that happen outside of the laboratory.

Answer 5

Autobiographical Memory

Question 6

A simple well structures sequence of events in a specific order. ___ are usually associated with a highly familiar activity.

Answer 6

Script

Question 7

The process of trying to identify the origin of a particular memory.

Answer 7

Source Monitoring

Question 8

Intentional goal oriented mental activities that a person performs in order to improve encoding and retrieval of information in memory.

Answer 8

Memory strategies

Question 9

The problem of not using memory strategies effectively common in young children.

Answer 9

Utilization Deficiency

Question 10

Remembering that one needs to do something in the future such as buying an item on the way home from class.

Answer 10

Prospective Memory

Question 11

A memory task in which participants are instructed to remember some information later a recall or recognition test requires them to intentionally retrieve that previous learned information.

Answer 11

Explicit Memory Task

Question 12

An indirect measure of memory. Participants see the material (usually a series of words or pictures) Later during the test phase they are instructed to complete a cognitive task that does not directly ask for either recall or recognition previous experience with the material facilitates performance on this task.

Answer 12

Implicit Memory Task

Question 13

A memory unit that consist of several components which are strongly associated with one another.

Answer 13

Chunk

Question 14

A reduced slow of responding on cognitive tasks, often observed in elderly individuals.

Answer 14

Cognitive Slowing

Question 15

That wasnt as much fun as i thought it was gonna be is an example of because she made sense of her experience.

Answer 15

metacogntion

Question 16

looking time, own, race bias are examples of

Answer 16

Attention Patterns

Question 17

In operant conditioning terms the response is _____ and the reinforcement is the _____

Answer 17

a foot kicking, the movement of the mobile.

Question 18

Conjugate reinforcement test are especially appealing to infants between the months of _____

Answer 18

2-6 months

Question 19

what are two research techniquest that demonstrate infants memory skills

Answer 19

Recognizing mother, conjugate reinforecenement technique\

Question 20

Memory is often measured in terms of ____ or the number of items that can be correctly recalled in order, immediately after presentation.

Answer 20

Memory Spam

Question 21

___ Improves dramatically during childhood

Answer 21

Memory Spam

Question 22

Children with high scores in ____ working memory are likely to excel in reading, writing and listening

Answer 22

Phonological

Question 23

Children with high scores in ____ working memory are likely to excel in mathematics

Answer 23

Visualspatial

Question 24

Children with reading disabilities or ADHD are likely to have problems with ___

Answer 24

Working Memory

Question 25

Children have excellent ____ but poor ____

Answer 25

Recognition, recall

Question 26

children have poor

Answer 26

recall, source monitoring, memory strategies.

Question 27

memory strategies that can improve recall

Answer 27

rehearsal, organizational strategies, imagery

Question 28

categorizing and grouping is an example of

Answer 28

Organizational Strategies

Question 29

what memory strategy do we develop last

Answer 29

Imagery

Question 30

Elderly perform ___ on semantic memory tasks and easy, | automatic tasks

Answer 30

Well

Question 31

with respect to long term memory in adulthood age differences are relatively large in ____ memory tasks

Answer 31

Prospective

Question 32

with repsect to long term memory in adulthood age differences are relatviely low in_____ memory tasks

Answer 32

implicit memory, explicit memory, recognition

Question 33

age differences in recall can be attributed to ___ and___

Answer 33

the elderlies verbal ability and education status and time of of day (morning better recall)

Question 34

A specific kind of metacognition which refers to your ideas about how your own mind works as well as how other peoples mind works.

Answer 34

Theory of mind

Question 35

knowledge and control of cognitive processes___ helps to supervise the way one selects and uses memory strategies.

Answer 35

metacognition

Question 36

A kind of metacognition that refers to ones knowledge monitioring and control of memory

Answer 36

metamemory

Question 37

A disorder that includes memory problems and other cognitive deficits. Individuals with ___ have difficulty estimating their memory abilities.

Answer 37

dementia

Question 38

A persons belief in his or her own potential to perform well on memory task.

Answer 38

memory self efficacy

Question 39

your thoughts about thinking is an example of

Answer 39

metacognition

Question 40

your understanding that people have different believes than your own is an example of

Answer 40

theory of mind

Question 41

your thoughts about your comprehension such as understanding written material or spoken language

Answer 41

matacomprehension

Question 42

understanding how memory works is an example of

Answer 42

metamemory

Question 43

The basic unit of spoken language such as the sounds a, k, and th the english language has about 40

Answer 43

phonemes

Question 44

Sounds involving vowels such as oo that infants begin to make by about 2 months

Answer 44

cooing

Question 45

A vocalization that uses both consonants and vowels often repeating sounds in a series such as dadadada infants develop these vocalizations by about 6 months.

Answer 45

babbling

Question 46

The kind of language spoken to children. ___ speech typically includes characteristics such as repetition, short sentences, simple vocabulary, basic syntax, exagerrated change in pitch, and exaggerated facial expression.

Answer 46

child directed speech

Question 47

A term that linguist previously used for (child direct speaking)

Answer 47

motherese

Question 48

In language learning using context to make a reasonable guess about a words meaning after just one or two exposures.

Answer 48

fast mapping

Question 49

In childrens language, the use of a word to refer to other object, in addition to objects that adults would consider appropriate.

Answer 49

overextension

Question 50

The basic unit of meanginglanguage. For example the word in the word reactiveated (re, active, ate, ed)

Answer 50

morpheme

Question 51

The study of morphemes ___ examines how words are created by combining morphemes

Answer 51

morphology

Question 52

In language learning the tendency to add the most customary grammatical morphemes to create new forms of irregular words.

Answer 52

overregulization

Question 53

In childrens language learning the proposal that children learn a general rule for past-tense verbs which specifies that they must add-ed however they also store in memory the past tenses for many irregular verbs.

Answer 53

rule and memory theory

Question 54

In language the social rules and world knowledge that allow speakers to successfully communicate messages to other people

Answer 54

pragmatics

Question 55

the word infant originally ment

Answer 55

not capable of speech

Question 56

children typically produce their first word when they are about _ year of age

Answer 56

1

Question 57

people, obejects and their own activities

Answer 57

refers to childs first words

Question 58

language system keeps tally of morpheme patterns; patterns of excitation within neural networks account for overregularization

Answer 58

parallel distributed processing explanation