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Flashcards in Chapter 13 Deck (43)
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1
Q

social psychology

A

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

2
Q

attribution thoery

A

the theory that we explain someone’s behaviour by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

3
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behaviour, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

4
Q

attitude

A

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

5
Q

peripheral route persuasion

A

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

6
Q

central route persuasion

A

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favourable thoughts

7
Q

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

8
Q

role

A

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

9
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

10
Q

conformity

A

adjusting our behaviour or thinking to coincide with a group standard

11
Q

normative social influence

A

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

12
Q

informational social influence

A

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

13
Q

social facilitation

A

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

14
Q

social loafing

A

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

15
Q

deindividuation

A

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

16
Q

group polarization

A

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

17
Q

groupthink

A

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

18
Q

prejudice

A

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

19
Q

stereotype

A

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often generalised) belief about a group of people

20
Q

discrimination

A

unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group and its members

21
Q

just-world phenomenon

A

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

22
Q

ingroup

A

“us” - people with whom we share a common identity

23
Q

outgroup

A

“them” - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

24
Q

ingroup bias

A

the tendency to favour our own group

25
Q

scapegoat theory

A

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

26
Q

other-race effect

A

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias

27
Q

aggressio

A

any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

28
Q

social script

A

culturally modeled guid for how to act in various situations

29
Q

mere exposure effect

A

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

30
Q

passionate love

A

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

31
Q

companionate love

A

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

32
Q

equity

A

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

33
Q

self-disclosure

A

the act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

34
Q

bystander effect

A

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

35
Q

social exchange theory

A

the theory that our social behaviour is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

36
Q

reciprocity norm

A

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

37
Q

social-responsibility norm

A

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

38
Q

conflict

A

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

39
Q

social trap

A

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behaviour

40
Q

mirror-image perceptions

A

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

41
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

42
Q

superordinate goals

A

shared goals that override difference among people and require their cooperation

43
Q

GRIT

A

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions