Chapter 13 Flashcards by Aurora SG

Question: _______ loads are loads that an engineer has planned for or anticipated in the structural design.

Design

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Question: _______ is a force that tends to push materials together.

Compression

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Question: What is a series of triangles used to form a structural element that in many ways is really a “fake” beam.

Truss

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Question: What is a structural element that transfers loads perpendicular to its length?

Beam

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Question: A _______ wall carries the weight of beams, other walls, floors, roofs, or other structural elements as well as the weight of the wall itself.

load-bearing

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Question: What is the material in between the cords called?

(The) Web

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Question: What is a beam that supports other beams?

Girder

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Question: What is a series of wood beams placed perpendicular to trusses or other beams to help support roof decking?

Purlin

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Question: What is the load that is the amount of heat generated when the building and its contents burn?

Fire (load)

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Question: A ________ load is a load that is applied to a small area? An example would be a HVAC Unit on a roof.

Concentrated (load)

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Question: This type of framing in older wood frame buildings has the danger that fire can enter the wall space and run straight to the attic because wood studs ran from the foundation to the roof.

Balloon Frame

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Question: Pieces of material, usually wood or masonry, placed in stud or joist channels to slow the extension of fire are known as what?

Fire Stopping

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Question: The most common building material is what?

Wood

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Question: This kind of force tends to “tear” a material apart; the molecules of the material are sliding past each other.

Shear force

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Question: This type of framing in wood frame buildings is where one floor is built as a platform for the next floor, creating automatic fire stopping between floors.

Platform Framing

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Question: What type of frame is at the top of the list for being the most combustible?

Wood Frame

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Question: What type of building construction is noncombustible and prevents the spread of fire from story to story?

Type II

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Question: Name one of the two categories that walls are divided into?

Loadbearing walls and non load bearing walls

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Question: A beam that is supported at only one end is called?

Cantilever Beam

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Question: All loads- and the forces they create- must eventually pass through the structure and be delivered to the earth through the _____ of the building.

Foundation.

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Question: The top of a beam is subjected to a compressive force whereas the bottom of the beam is subjected to _____.

Tension.

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Question: ______ concrete refers to slabs of concrete that are poured at a factory and then shipped to a job site.

Precast.

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Question: Building codes are designed to give occupants time to ______ during a fire.

Escape.

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Question: What is the weight of all materials and equipment permanently attached to the building?

Dead loads

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Question: What is the weight of equipment, people, movement, and materials not attached to the structure?

Live loads

Question: What load is applied equally over a broad area?

Distributed load

Question: What type of load was not planned for or anticipated?

Undesigned load

Question: What type of beam is supported at the two points near its ends?

Simple beam

Question: what is a joist that is attached to a ridge board to help dorm a peak?

rafter

Question: name one variable that may determine the amount of time a material can resist gravity & fire degradation.

age deterioration, fire load, overall load, material type, condition of fire resistive barriers, surface to mass ratio

Question: A load that is in motion when applied is an?

Impact load

Question: any structural component that transmits a compressive force parallel through its center is a?

Column

Question: A beam that spans an opening in a load bearing wall - such as over a garage door opening, is known as a?

Lintel or Header

Question: Steel ____ strength as temperature increases

Loses

Question: A wood framing member used to support floors or roof decking is known as a?

Joist

Question: _____ are an assembly of structural elements designed to transfer loads to the earth.

Buildings

Question: Which is more likely to collapse first CONVENTIONAL framing roofs or TRUSS construction roofs?

Truss

Question: Most type _____ buildings are of steel construction.

2 or II

Question: _____ Connections use bolts, screws, nails, rivets and similar devices to transfer loads.

pinned

Question: Because concrete has poor tensile and sheer strength, ________ is added as a reinforcement.

Steel

Question: ________ refers to a large pocket of concrete that has basically crumbled into fine particles, taking away the mass of the concrete.

Spalling

Question: A ___________ wall supports only its own weight and is most commonly used as a decorative finish.

Veneer

Question: When referring to building construction, OSB stands for what?

Oriented Strand Board

Question: Collapse zone is _____ times the height of the building.

1 ½

Question: Name one of the three ways loads are imposed on materials.

Axial Load, Eccentric Load, Torsion Load

Question: What does FiRP stand for?

Fiber-Reinforced Products

Question: HVAC stands for?

Heating, Ventilation and Air- Conditioning

Question: This is the most common building material.

Wood

Question: Type in which structure elements are of an approved noncombustible or limited combustible material?

Type 1 (Fire Resistive)

Question: Firefighters struggle to understand the construction of structures by looking from the outside. What is 1 way firefighters can become educated on construction type of a structure?

Performing a walk through of the interior

Question: Once a structure is built...what is the basic concept that the structure is trying to resist?

Gravity

Question: Rebar steel loses what percent of its original strength at 800 degrees?

55%

Question: Mortar has very little tensile strength and what other strength is it lacking?

Shear strength

Question: Large, thin and flat pieces of wood usually 4 feet by 8 feet that are made up of wood chips glued together is called?

OSB or oriented strand board

Question: Name 2 things a building must be built to resist.

Wind, snow, rain, force of gravity

Question: ______ must be delivered to the earth in order for the building to be structurally sound.

Forces

Question: Loads can be divided up into two broad categories as they relate to building construction, they are?

Dead loads/Live loads

Question: Loads must be transmitted to _______ _________.

Structural elements.

Question: this type of force is a load that is transmitted throughout the center of an element and runs perpendicular to the element?

axial load

Question: a ______________ is a beam that is supported in three or more places?

continuous beam

Question: this building material is a combination of carbon and iron ore heated and rolled into structural shapes?

steel

Question: ____ softens, elongates, and sags when heated, leading to collapse.

Steel

Question: ___is a common term that refers to brick, concrete blocks, and stone.

Masonry

Question: Wood and heavy timber beams were often___so that a fire-damaged, sagging floor would simply slide out of the wall pocket in order to preserve the wall.

Fire-cut

Question: A lintel beam is often called a?

Headers

Question: Cement has an excellent __________ strength when cured.

Compressive

Question: A pool table is an example of a _______ load.

Live

Question: An air conditioning unit on the roof of a building is an example of a _________ load.

Dead or Concentrated

Question:The ______ the structural element, the faster it comes down.

Lighter

Question: _________ or dark smoke coming from lightweight structure components means time is up.

Brown

Question: The briefing you receive at the operations level is called a __________ briefing.

Tailboard

Question: Name one of the common roof framing styles found in wood frame or ordinary construction.

Gable roof, hip, intersecting, gambrel, mansard, butterfly, or shed

Question: Type ____ construction is most common in residential occupancy buildings.

V or 5

QUESTION: WHAT IS ONE CHARACTERISTIC THAT HAPPENS WHEN STRUCTURAL STEEL IS EXPOSED TO FIRE?

SOFTEN / BENDS / LOSES STRENGTH

Question: In regards to building construction, connections fall into three categories, pinned, rigid and ______.

Gravity

Question: as a building burns, the structural elements decompose and lose their _______?

strength

Question: investigations have concluded that fire departments need more _____ and ________ on building construction?

training and education

Question: often, buildings collapse without ________ warning?

visual

Question: Purlins are a series of beams placed ___ to other beams to help support roofs.

Perpendicular

Question: A mixture of portland cement, sand, gravel, and water is called________?

Concrete

Question: How many broad categories of building construction types exist?

Question:Type in which the structural members are approved noncombustable materials with sufficient fire-resistive rating to withstand the effects of fire and prevent its spread from story to story is what type of construction?

Type 1 Fire-resistive construction

Question: Concrete is ___ _____, meaning it has some capacity to withstand the effects of fire.

Fire resistive

Question: Newer construction and alternative building methods that may not fit cleanly into one of the five building construction types are called what?

Hybrid Buildings

Question: Residential, commercial, educational, business, and industrial are the five types of ________ classifications?

Occupancy

Question: What is the projection of a wall above the roofline of a building called?

Parapet

Question: _______ roof collapses have killed many firefighters.

Truss

Question: _______ _______ are the use for which a building or structure is designed.

Occupancy classifications

Question: Buildings are especially unsafe during _______.

construction OR remodeling OR restoration

Question: The most common type of construction for a Residential Occupancy is what?

Type V

Question: The most common type of construction for a Commercial Occupancy is what?

Type III

Question: The most common type of construction for a Educational Occupancy is what?

Type II

Question: When it comes to collapses, the heavier the imposed load, the ______ it comes down.

faster

Question: When it comes to collapses, the ________ the structural element, the faster it comes down.

lighter

Question: What does SIP stand for?

Structural Insulated Panel

Question: Age, deterioration of mortar joints and masonry, and cracks are all ________ _______ signs.

Collapse Warning

Question: What zone in outside (defensive) firefighting operations is still very dangerous?

Collapse zone or collapse

Question: What is the first priority when fighting fire?

Protection of life, saving lives

Question: Collapse is most likely to occur during what stages of fire?

2nd and 3rd

Question: What is the first rule a firefighter must be aware of when talking about structural collapse?

The potential for collapse always exists

Question: What does BTU stand for?

British Thermal Unit

Question: What kind of building collapse is the most deadliest?

Inward outward collapse

Question: _______ buildings can be defined as those structures that are built at a factory and then trucked to a job site.

Manufactured.

Question: A _____ plate is a simple galvanized steel plate with perforations used to hold pieces of wood together.

Gusset.

Question: The term _____ can be applied to buildings that are assembled that are energy efficent and environmentally friendly

Green or Green building.

Question: Before considering the type of construction, builders first look at the anticipated use of the building- its ________ type.

Occupancy.

Question: this is a mix of sand, lime, and Portland used for bonding

mortar

Question: name 3 factors/observations that can be used to help anticipate collapse.

bowing walls, deterioration of mortar & masonry, sagging floors

Question: what is the protrusion from a roof structure that can be used to introduce daylight into a converted roof space?

dormers

Question: Failure of ____ part of the truss will likely cause the whole truss to fail.

One

Question: The two parts of the truss include the top and bottom ____ and the ____ in between.

Chords. Connecting members (or Web).

Question: Once fire has entered a truss space, it is recommended that firefighting operations immediately resort to a ____ posture

Defensive

Question: Residential, commercial, educational, business, and industrial are the five types of ________ classifications?

Occupancy

Question: Buildings are especially unsafe during ____________, remodeling, and restoration.

Construction

Question: The roof of a building can be _______, pitched, or inverted.

Flat

Question: A ____________ truss roof collapsed, trapped and killed 5 firefighters at Hackensack Ford in 1991.

Bowstring

Question: What is the area around a building where debris will land when it falls?

Collapse Zone

Question: The most common type of construction for an industrial occupancy is/are what? Types I and II

What type of wood gets its strength from the random orientation of the strands laminated together?

Question: Newer wood framed homes have stairs built and held together by what?

Metal Straps

Question: Structural Steel at 1000 degrees will lose how much of its original strength?

50%

Question: Trusses made of steel can___________just as easily as wood trusses.

Fail, fall, collapse, etc..

Question: Trusses have large___________spaces that allow fire to spread rapidly.

Void

Question: Structures built in a factory and trucked to the jobsite are called?

Manufactured

Question: it can not be overstated that firefighters have to understand the buildings in their ___________.

Jurisdiction.

Question: Trusses rely on each and every part of the truss to carry a portion of the ________ load.

Imposed

Question: In 2005 _______ issued an alert regarding fire operations in buildings with truss construction.

NIOSH.

Question: Firefighters must rely on building material knowledge building construction principles, and an understanding of fire effects on building in order to predict or anticipate____.

Collapse

Question: According to the video, gusset plates can also be referred to as what?

Gang Nails

Question: Wood trusses that are assembled using glue will fail quickly when exposed to fire but can also fail when exposed to ____ alone.

Heat

Question: Typically how deep are gusset plates punched into the wood to join pieces together? Answer: 3/8 inch

Collapse

Question: Deterioration of mortar joints and masonry is a _________ warning sign.

Tailboard

Name one of the three kinds of beams.

Gable roof, hip, intersecting, gambrel, mansard, butterfly, or shed

Simple beam, continuous beam, cantilever beam

V or 5

Wet or cooled steel ________ _________.

Wood

Buys time

Pitched

Question: Type ____ construction is most common in residential occupancy buildings.

wetting or cooling

Question: Steel trusses are no less susceptible to collapse than _____ trusses.

residential, commercial, educational, business, industrial

Question: The roof of a building can be flat, inverted, or ______.

in a factory

Question: building construction types that are actually two types are classified as ?

extended window & door jambs

Question: the top chord of a truss undergoes this type of force____________ and the bottom chord undergoes this type of force?

insulated concrete formed or ICF

Question: doing this to steel that has been heated during fire conditions buys time?

Reduced

Question: name 1 of the 5 occupancy classifications?

Black

Question: manufactured buildings are made where?

Glue

Question: ICF buildings resemble wood built buildings, what are the clues that indicate that they are actually ICF built?

Wood Frame or Type V(5)

Question: what is the name of the type of construction which uses polystyrene foam blocks? (they make a form for a lightweight concrete mix)

Dangerous