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FSCN 1112 > Chapter 13 - Fat Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Fat Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin

A

Compound needed in very small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamin

A

Vitamin that dissolves in fat and such substances as ether and benzene, but not readily in water; vitamins A, D, E, K

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3
Q

Can vitamins be synthesized in the body, or are they synthesized in adequate amounts?

A

nope

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4
Q

Health _________ when vitamins aren’t consumed

A

declines

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5
Q

Vitamins are supplied by both _______ and ________ sources

A

animal ; plant

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6
Q

Vitamins are absorbed with what?

A

dietary fat

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7
Q

The adequate absorption of vitamins depends on…

A

efficient use of bile and pancreatic lipase.

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8
Q

Vitamin Digestion & Absorption in the Stomach

A

Digestive processes in the stomach begin the release of vitamins from food

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9
Q

Vitamin Digestion & Absorption in the Pancreas

A

Digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas aid in the release of vitamins from food

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10
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamin Digestion & Absorption in the Liver

A

Bile produced in the liver (and stored in the gallbladder) aid in fat-soluble vitamin absorption

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11
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamin Digestion & Absorption in the Small Intestine

A

Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine, along with dietary fat, and carried by cholymicrons into the lymphatic circulation

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12
Q

______________ is made in small amounts by bacteria in the ileum of the small intestine and in the large intestine

A

Vitamin K

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13
Q

Vitamin A and D are potentially toxic when you consume ___ to ___ times the DRI

A

5 to 10

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14
Q

All vitamins except which one are excreted quickly?

A

Vitamin K

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15
Q

Limited body stores of vitamins makes it easier to develop __________

A

deficiencies

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16
Q

Retinoid

A

Biologically active forms of Vitamin A, including retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid

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17
Q

Carotenoid

A

Pigmented materials in fruits and vegetables that range in color from yellow to orange to red.
3 types yield vitamin A activity in humans and thus are called provitamin A.
Many have antioxidant properties.

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of carotenoids that yield vitamin A activity?

A

alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin

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19
Q

Provitamin

A

Substance that can be made into a vitamin

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20
Q

Retinoids are commonly found in what foods?

A 
liver
fish
fish oils
fortified milk
eggs
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21
Q

Provitamin A carotenoids are commonly found in what foods?

A

dark green/yellow orange fruits and vegetables

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22
Q

In the US, what percent of dietary vitamin A comes from animals?

A

70%

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23
Q

What is the most biologically active form of provitamin A?

A

beta-carotene

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24
Q

How is vitamin A measured?

A

retinol activity equivalents (RAE)

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25
Q

1 RAE is the equivalent of…

a) how much retinol?
b) how much beta-carotene?
c) how much of the other carotenoids?

A

a) 1 ug retinol
b) 12 ug beta-carotene
c) 24 ug other

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26
Q

What is the RDA for vitamin A?

A

900 ug RAE for men, 700 ug RAE for women

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27
Q

More than 90% of vitamin A body stores are in the _______, but they can also be stored where?

A

liver ; adipose tissue, kidneys, bone marrow, testicles, eyes

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28
Q

Vitamin A is excreted in _____ while carotenoids are excreted in _______

A

urine ; feces

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29
Q

What are the key functions of vitamin A?

A
  • growth and development
  • cell differentiation
  • vision
  • immune function
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30
Q

Retinoic acid is key in the production, structure, and function of….

A

epithelial tissue in the lungs, trachea, skin, and GI tract

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31
Q

Opsin

A

Protein of the rods of the retina that binds to 11-cis-retinal to form the visual pigment rhodopsin

32
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Photoreceptor in rod cells composed of 11-cis-retinal and opsin

33
Q

Bleaching Process

A

Process by which light depletes the rhodopsin concentration in the eye by separating opsin from the all-trans-retinal. This fall in the rhodopsin concentration allows the eye to adapt to bright lights

34
Q

Dark Adaptation

A

Process by which the rhodopsin concentration in the eye increases in dark conditions, allowing improved vision in the dark

35
Q

Epithelium

A

Covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, such as the lungs, GI tract, blood vessel linings, and skin

36
Q

Psoriasis

A

Immune system disorder that causes a chronic inflammatory skin condition (painful patches of red, scaly skin)

37
Q

Macular Degeneration

A

chronic eye disease that occurs when the tissue in the macula deteriorates, which causes a blind spot or blurred vision in the center of the visual field

38
Q

What is the leading cause of nonaccidental blindness worldwide?

A

Vitamin A deficiency

39
Q

Conjuctiva

A

Mucous membrane covering the front surface of the eye and lining of the eyelid

40
Q

Keratomalacia

A

Softening of the cornea

41
Q

Xerophthalmia

A

Condition marked by dryness of the cornea and eye membranes resulting from vitamin A deficiency. Can lead to blindness.

42
Q

Follicular Hyperkeratosis

A

Condition in which keratin, a protein, accumulates around hair follicles.

43
Q

What is the UL for retinol?

A

3000 mg/day

44
Q

Vitamin D can be called a ________ vitamin

A

conditional

45
Q

Prohormone

A

Precursor to a hormone

46
Q

Vitamin D is commonly found in what foods?

A

fatty fish
cod liver oil
fortified milk
fortified breakfast cereals

47
Q

Previtamin D3

A

Precursor of 1 form of vitamin D, produced as a result of sunlight opening a ring on 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin

48
Q

RDA for Vitamin D

A

600 IU/day

49
Q

DV for Vitamin D

A

10 ug/day

50
Q

What is the most biologically active form of vitamin D?

A

calcitrol

51
Q

What are the key functions of calcitrol (vitamin D)?

A
  • maintains body’s concentration of calcium and phosphorus
  • regulates immune function
  • secretes hormones (insulin, renin, PHT)
52
Q

Rickets

A

Disease characterized by inadequate mineralization of the bones caused by poor calcium deposition during growth. This deficiency disease arises in infants and children with poor vitamin D status

53
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Weakening of bones that occurs in adults as a result of poor bone mineralization linked to inadequate vitamin D status

54
Q

UL for Vitamin D

A

4000 IU

55
Q

The Vitamin E family consists of…

A

4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols

56
Q

What is the most biologically active form of vitamin E?

A

alpha-tocopherol

57
Q

Vitamin E is commonly found in what foods?

A 
plant oils
wheat germ
avocado
almonds
peanuts
sunflower seeds
58
Q

RDA for Vitamin E

A

15 mg/day of alpha-tocopherol

59
Q

Hemolysis

A

Breakdown of red blood cell membranes

60
Q

90% of Vitamin E is localized where?

A

adipose tissue

61
Q

Vitamin E is mostly excreted in ______ but can be excreted through _______ and _______

A

feces ; urine and skin

62
Q

Free Radical

A

Compound with an unpaired electron, which causes it to seek an electron from another compound. Often a strong oxidizing agent.

63
Q

Peroxyl Radical

A

Peroide compound containing a free radical, designated R-O-O*, where R is a carbon-hydrogen chain broken off fatty acid and * is an unpaired electron

64
Q

Functions of Vitamin E?

A
  • regulate free radical activity

- stops lipid peroxidation

65
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

A

Disorder that causes red blood cells to break down faster than they can be replaced

66
Q

UL for Vitamin E

A

1000 mg of alpha-tocopherol

67
Q

Vitamin K comes from the ________ family

A

quinone

68
Q

Phyloquinone comes from __________ while Menaquinone comes from __________

A

plants ; fish oil and meats

69
Q

What is the main dietary form of Vitamin K and also is the most biologically active?

A

Phylloquinone

70
Q

Vitamin K is commonly found in what foods?

A 
green leafy vegetables
broccoli
peas 
green beans
vegetable oil
71
Q

AI for Vitamin K

A

90 ug/day for women, 120 ug/day for men

72
Q

DV for Vitamin K

A

80 ug/day

73
Q

Key functions of Vitamin K?

A
  • synthesis of blood clotting factors by the liver
  • conversion of preprothrombin to prothrombin
  • bone metabolism
74
Q

Vitamin K has limited storage in the ______ and _____

A

liver ; bone

75
Q

Bilirubin

A

Bile pigment; excess in the blood causes jaundice

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