chapter 13: how can stress be managed?

Question 1

arbitrary inference :

Answer 1

draw a conclusion without sufficient evidence;

Question 2

selective abstraction

Answer 2

focus on a detail outside the context

Question 3

cognitive restruxturing

Answer 3

Hereby automatic

negative or catastrophic thoughts are brought up to bring them more in line with reality.

Question 4

Stress triggers are identified and changed

through three phases:

Answer 4

1. Problem exploration and clarification : what are the triggers that lead to the stress?
2. Goal setting : which triggers does the person want to change?
3. Facilitating action : how do they set about changing these stress triggers?

Question 5

self-instruction (Meichenbaum)

Answer 5

The intention is that stress-inducing thoughts
are identified and replaced by more positive ones. You can talk to yourself in two ways. Namely, by observing your
behavior and then saying that you need to take it easy. A second way is to tell yourself that you have been in this
situation before and that you could handle it then. Such techniques break the flow of negative and stress-inducing
thoughts in any case. Sometimes, if someone is really good at this, they can actually reduce stres

Question 6

“Socratic method” or “guided discovery.”

Answer 6

In this, the

client often identifies a number of stress-provoking thoughts that have been recently occured, and then challenges

Question 7

The ‘Stress inoculation training’

Answer 7

 check whether the (planned) behavior is relevant in the situation;
 maintain relaxation;
 engage in self-talk in a relevant way .

Question 8

second wave and third wave therapies

Answer 8

The stress management interventions mentioned above are known as the second wave therapies. The conditioning
theories of Pavlov and Skinners are known as the first wave therapies. These were not concerned with adjusting
cognitions. The second wave therapies saw cognitions as the development and treatment of emotional problems.
The third wave therapies are becoming increasingly known and are known for a combination of cognitive and
behavioral adjustments. The purpose of this therapy is, among other things, to withstand the feared situation and to
find that the situation is much less scary than expected.

Question 9

Bishop et al. (2004) indicates that there are

two components within mindfulness:

Answer 9

 ‘Self-regulation of attention’: an individual is completely focused on the here and now. Thoughts, feelings and
emotions pass by and they cannot be judged.
 ‘An orientation toward one’s experience in the present moment characterized by curiosity, openness and
acceptance’: because an individual does not fully elaborate and assess his thoughts, much attention is paid to
the present. He / she views and experiences his experiences in an unfiltered way

Question 10

Five core processes of Acceptance and commitment therapy

Answer 10

 Acceptance: an individual must allow himself to become aware of his / her thoughts, feelings and physical
sensations. These must be experienced and not assessed.
 Cognitive defusion: feelings, thoughts and physical sensations are what they are and are not harmful to the
individual. The individual must accept that they must not be changed or must be verifiable.
 Contact with the present moment: open and not favored contact with the present. This can be achieved
through mindfulness .
 Values: an individual must have the motivation to change.
 Committed action: plans must be made to achieve the intended changes

Question 11

colonoscopy

Answer 11

is a small surgical procedure in which a small piece of the stomach wall is removed. This piece can
then be tested for the presence of abnormal cells.

Question 12

bone marrow biopsy

Answer 12

a sample is made from a bone.