chapter 13 Personality recall Flashcards

1
Q

personality

A

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

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2
Q

psychodynamic theories

A

view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.

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3
Q

free association

A

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

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4
Q

psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

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5
Q

unconscious

A

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

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6
Q

id

A

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

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7
Q

ego

A

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in was that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

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8
Q

superego

A

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

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9
Q

psychosexual stages

A

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

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10
Q

Oedipus complex

A

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

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11
Q

identification

A

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos.

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12
Q

fixation

A

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

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13
Q

defense mechanisms

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

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14
Q

repression

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

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15
Q

collective unconscious

A

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history.

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16
Q

projective test

A

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.

17
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

18
Q

Terror-management theory

A

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

19
Q

Humanistic theories

A

view personality with a focus on the potential of healthy personal growth.

20
Q

Self-actualization

A

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

21
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.

22
Q

Self-concept

A

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

23
Q

trait

A

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

24
Q

personality inventory

A

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

25
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

the most widely research and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

26
Q

empirically derived test

A

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

27
Q

Social-cognitive perspective

A

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

28
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

29
Q

personal control

A

the extend to which perceive control over our environment.

30
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that change or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.

31
Q

Internal locus of control

A

the perception that you control you own fate.

32
Q

Self-control

A

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.

33
Q

learned helplessness

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation on animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

34
Q

positive psychology

A

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.

35
Q

Self-serving bias

A

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

36
Q

narcissism

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption.