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Flashcards in Chapter 13 - Study Guide Deck (92)
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1
Q

Histoglogic COMPONENTS of the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

A
Olfactory Hair Cells
Basal Cells 
Support Cells 
Cribriform Plate
Olfactory Bulb
2
Q

Odorants must first ______ in order to reach the Olfactory Receptors (on olfactory hairs)

A

be disosolved in fluid (mucus)

3
Q

When odorant binds to its receptor, a ____ is activated, As a result, _____ opens

A
G protein (is activated)
Na+ and Ca2+ Channels (open)
4
Q

7 primary odors

A
  1. Camphoraceous (moth balls)
  2. Musky
  3. Floral
  4. Peppermint
  5. Ethereal
  6. Pungent
  7. Putrid
5
Q

Olfactory NEURONS and EPITHELIUM die/replenished by _____ every 2 months

A

Basal cells

6
Q

Once an odorant binds to its receptor, the receptor accomodates and does not respond to another odorant for some time

A
7
Q

Olfactory neurons form CNI - They synapse with interneurons to form the __ __

A

Olfactory Tracts (in olfactory bulb)

8
Q

Olfactory Tracts terminate in __ and __

A
  1. Olfactory CORTEX

2. AMYGDALA (in temporal lobe)

9
Q

Olfaction: Feedback loops inhibit transmission - leading to adaptation with prolonged exposure

A
10
Q

Taste associated with Na+

A

salty

11
Q

Taste associated with CARBOHYDRATES, SUGAR, PROTEINS

A

sweet

12
Q

Taste associated with GLUTAMATE

A

umami

13
Q

Taste associated with ACID

A

sour

14
Q

Taste associated with BASES

A

bitter

15
Q

3 specialized epithelial cells of each TASTE BUD

A
  1. Taste cells (sensory) - with taste hairs & pore
  2. Basal cells (nonsensory)
  3. Supporting cells (nonsensory)
16
Q

__ dissolve in saliva to enter the taste pores

A

Tastants

17
Q

Tastants bind to G protein receptors - causing taste cells to __

A

depolarize (Na+ / H+ Channels open)

18
Q

Taste from the Anterior 2/3 of the tongue is carried by CN __

A

CN VII - Facial (Chorda Tympani)

19
Q

Taste from the Posterior 1/3 of the tongue and superior pharynx is carried by CN __

A

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal

20
Q

Taste sensation from the Epiglottis is carried by CN __

A

CN X - Vagus

21
Q

Taste: CNVII, CNIX, and CNX extend from the Taste Buds to nuclei in the __ __. Fibers cross and extend to the __.

A

Cranial Nerves from Taste Buds >
Medulla Oblongata >
Thalamus

22
Q

Taste: Neurons from the Thalamus project to the __ and __

A

Insula

Frontal Cortex

23
Q

Cells of taste buds have normal life span of ___

A

10 days

24
Q

Accessory Structure: Prevents perspiration and helps shade eyes from direct sunlight

A

eyebrows

25
Q

Eyelids: Five layers of tissue

A
  1. Skin
  2. Loose CT
  3. Orbicularis Oculi ad Levator Palpebrae (muscle)
  4. Tarsal Plate (Dense CT)
  5. Conjunctiva
26
Q

Eyelids/Eyelashes: Blink Reflex (functions)

A
  1. Protects from foreign objects
  2. Helps lubrication
  3. Regulate amount of light entering
27
Q

Modified sweat glands that open into hair follicles to keep eyelashes lubricated

A

Ciliary glands

28
Q

When a Ciliary Gland becomes inflamed, it is called a __

A

sty

29
Q

Glands near inner margins of the eyelids that produce sebum (sebaceous)

A

Tarsal glands

30
Q

Infection of blockage of a Tarsal Gland is called ___

A

chalazion / meibomian cyst

31
Q

Accessory Structure:

  • Thin, transparent mucous membrane
  • Covers inner surface of eyelids and anterior white surface of eye
  • Reduces friction
  • Barrier to entry of microorganisms
A

Conjunctiva

32
Q

Eye muscle(s) that is/are innervated by CN III

A
CN III (Oculomotor):
Superior Rectus
Inferior Rectus
Medial Rectus
Inferior Oblique
33
Q

Eye muscle(s) that is/are innervated by CN IV

A
CN IV (Trochlear):
Superior Oblique
34
Q

Eye muscle(s) that is/are innervated by CN VI

A
CN VI (Abducent):
Lateral Rectus
35
Q

CN that dilates and constricts the PUPIL

A

CN III, Oculomotor

36
Q

Extrinsic Eye Muscle:

DEPRESSES and MEDIALLY deviates gaze

A

Inferior Rectus (CN III)

37
Q

Extrinsic Eye Muscle:

MEDIALLY deviates gaze

A

Medial Rectus (CN III)

38
Q

Extrinsic Eye Muscle:

ELEVATES and MEDIALLY deviates gaze

A

Superior Rectus (CN III)

39
Q

Extrinsic Eye Muscle:

LATERALLY deviates gaze

A

Lateral Rectus (CN IV)

40
Q

Extrinsic Eye Muscle:

ELEVATES and LATERALLY deviates gaze

A

Inferior Oblique (CN III)

41
Q

Extrinsic Eye Muscle:

DEPRESSES and LATERALLY deviates gaze

A

Superior Oblique (CN IV)

42
Q

Cranial Nerve that OPENS EYELID

A

CN III, Oculomotor

43
Q

Cranial Nerve that CLOSES EYELID

A

CN VII, Facial

44
Q

Structures located in the FIBEROUS Layer of the eyeball

A
  1. Sclera (posterior 5/6th)

2. Cornea (anterior 1/6th)

45
Q

Structures located in the VASCULAR Layer of the eyeball

A
  1. Choroid (posterior)
  2. Ciliary Body (anterior)
  3. Iris (colored)
46
Q

Helps maintain shape of eyeball
Protects internal structures
Provides attachment point for eye muscles

A

Sclera

47
Q

Avascular
Transparent, permits light to enter eye
Repsonsible for most of the refraction of light

A

Cornea

48
Q

Posterior Vascular Layer
Associated with Sclera
Consist of MELANIN-CONTAINING PIGMENT CELLS

A

Choroid

49
Q

Ciliary Body consists of __ and __

A
Ciliary Ring (outer)
CiliarY Processes (inner)
50
Q

___ __ attach the Ciliary Ring and Ciliary Processes to the LENS of the eye

A

Suspensory Ligments

51
Q

Contraction of ciliary muscles can change the shape of __

A

the LENS (“accomodation”)

52
Q

Contractile structure
Mainly smooth muscle
Regulates amount of light by controlling size of the Pupil

A

Iris

53
Q

3 Intrinsic Eye Muscles

A
  1. Ciliary muscles
  2. Sphincter pupillae
  3. Dilator pupillae
54
Q
  • INNER LAYER of the eye
  • 126 million photoreceptor cells
  • ACTION POTENTIALS are generated/conducted as response to light
A

Retina

55
Q

Near center of Posterior Retina

Small, Yellow spot (4mm)

A

Macula

56
Q
  • Small pit in the center of the Macula

- Highest concentration of PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS in the Retina (most sensitive to light)

A

Fovea Centralis

57
Q
White spot
Medial to Macula
Central Retinal Artery enters
Central Retinal Vein exits
Where axons converge to form CN II
A

Optic Disc

58
Q

Does NOT contain Photoreceptor cells - does not respond to light - called the “blind spot”

A

Optic Disc

59
Q

3 Chambers of the eye

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Posterior
  3. Vitreous
60
Q

The __ separates the Anterior and Posterior Chambers

A

Iris

61
Q

The larger chamber that is posterior to the Lens

A

Vitreous

62
Q

The Anterior and Posterior Chamber are located between the __

A

Cornea

Lens

63
Q

Fluid that fills the Anterior and Posterior Chambers

A

Aqueous Humor

64
Q

Transparent, jellylike substance that fills the Vitreous Chamber

A

Vitreous Humor

65
Q

Helps maintain intraocular pressure (inflates, shapes)
REFRACTS light
Provides NUTRITION for Cornea

A

Aqueous Humor

66
Q

Abnormal increase in intraocular pressure that results when the rate of production of aqueous humor exceeds its rate of removal

A

Glaucoma

67
Q

Holds Lens and Retina in place
Inflates eye
Refraction of light
Slow turnover/production

A

Vitreous Humor

68
Q

Avascular, Transparent, Biconvex Disc
Located behind Pupil
Changes shape to focus light

A

Lens

69
Q

Light passing through the LENS is focused on the __

A

Retina

70
Q

Lens: Cells on the Anterior Surface

A

Cuboidal Epithelial

71
Q

Lens: Cells on the Posterior Surface

A

Columnar Epithelial (Lens Fibers)

72
Q

Focusing SYSTEM of the eye

A
  1. CORNEA
  2. Aqueous Humor
  3. LENS
  4. Vitreous Humor
73
Q

Light passing through the Focusing System is refracted, producing a __

A

Focal Point (FP)

74
Q

In the normal eye, the focused image falls on the __

A

Retina

75
Q

The image is __ and ___ because the light rays cross at the FP

A

Inverted

Reversed, right to left

76
Q
NEAR VISION:
Ciliary muscles \_\_
Lens \_\_
Pupil \_\_
Medial Rectus \_\_
A
NEAR VISION:
Ciliary muscles CONTRACT
Lens THICKENS
Pupil CONSTRICTS
Medial Rectus CONTRACTS
77
Q

DISTANCE VISION:
Ciliary muscles __
Lens __
Pupil __

A

DISTANCE VISION:
Ciliary muscles RELAX
Lens FLATTENED
Pupil DILATED

78
Q

Nearsightedness

Correction: Concave/Convex Lens

A

Myopia

Correction: Concave Lens

79
Q

Farsightedness

Correction: Concave/Convex Lens

A

Hyperopia

Correction: Convex Lens

80
Q

Images are focused IN FRONT of the Retiba

A

Myopia

81
Q

Images are focused behind the Retina when looking at a close object

A

Hyperopia

82
Q
  • Degeneration of the ACCOMODATION power of the eye

- Lens: Hard and less flexible

A

Presbyopia

83
Q

Cornea and Lens is not uniformly curved

Image is not sharply focused

A

Astigmatism

84
Q

Result from weak eye muscles
Diplopia
Lack of paralelism of light paths through the eye

A

Strabismus

85
Q

Results from loss of Rod function or Retinal degeneration, Vitamin A deficiency.

A

Night Blindness

86
Q

Structures of OUTER Ear

A
  1. Auricle
  2. Exteral Acoustic Meatus (passageway)
  3. Tympanic Membrane
87
Q

Structures of MIDDLE Ear

A
  1. Ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes)
  2. Oval and Round Windows
  3. Tensor Tympani and Stapedius
  4. Eustachian Tube
  5. Chorda Tympani (nerve)
88
Q

Structures of the INNER Ear

A
  1. Cochlea - Hearing
  2. Vestibule -Static Balance
  3. Semicircular canals - Dynamic Balance
89
Q

INNER EAR: The bony labyrinth is lined with __

A

Endosteum

90
Q

INNER EAR: Inside the bony labyrinth - is a similarly shaped but smaller set of tunnels and chambers called __

A

membranous labyrinth

91
Q

The membranous labyrinth is filled with __

A

Endolymph, clear

high K+, low Na+

92
Q

The space between the bony and membranous labyrinths is flled with __

A

perilymph

similar to CSF