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Flashcards in Chapter 14 Deck (35)
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1
Q

personality

A

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

2
Q

psychodynamic theories

A

view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

3
Q

psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

4
Q

unconscious

A

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

5
Q

free association

A

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

6
Q

id

A

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

7
Q

ego

A

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

8
Q

superego

A

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

9
Q

psychosexual stages

A

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

10
Q

Oedipus comples

A

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

11
Q

identification

A

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

12
Q

fixation

A

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

13
Q

defense mechanisms

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

14
Q

repression

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

15
Q

collective unconsicous

A

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

16
Q

projective test

A

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

17
Q

Thematic Apperception Test

A

a project test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

18
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

the most widely used projective test, a test of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

19
Q

terror-management theory

A

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioural responses to reminders of their impending death

20
Q

humanistic theories

A

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

21
Q

self-actualization

A

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

22
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance towards another person

23
Q

self-concept

A

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

24
Q

trait

A

a characteristic pattern of behaviour or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

25
Q

personality inventory

A

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviours; used to assess selected personality traits

26
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes

27
Q

empirically derived test

A

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

28
Q

social-cognitive perspective

A

views that behaviour as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context

29
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

the interacting influences of behaviour, internal cognition, and environment

30
Q

self

A

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the centre of personality, the organiser of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

31
Q

spotlight effect

A

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

32
Q

self-esteem

A

one’s feelings of high or low self-worth

33
Q

self-efficacy

A

one’s sense of competence and effectiveness

34
Q

self-serving bias

A

a readiness to perceive oneself favouraby

35
Q

narcissism

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption