Chapter 14 - Colonial Administration And Policy

Question 1

What was the main reason for policies between 1919 + 1947?

Answer 1

To keep empire together
Resist rise in nationalism

Question 2

What did Edwin Montagu + Viceroy Chelmsford design to create a system of limited self-govt?

Answer 2

Dyarchy
Where power is divided into 2 centres of authority

Question 3

What was under the Government of India Act 1919?

Answer 3

Viceroy still in control of defence + foreign affairs but had to defends its actions in front of Legislative council
LC - split into lower house + upper house
Provincial councils run by elected Indian ministers responsible for local govt, health + education + agriculture

Question 4

What was the Simon Commission 1929-1930?

Answer 4

Federal system of govt to be created across India
Provinces given more power
Defence + internal security + foreign affairs still to Viceroy

Question 5

What was the Round Table Conference 1930 + 1931?

Answer 5

Came as there was strong opposition in India
Ghandi unavailable to attend 1st but represented Congress Party at 2nd
But B rejected India being self-gov Dominion

Question 6

What was the Government of India Act 1935?

Answer 6

Created a Federation of India by:
Making Provinces self -gov
Expanding vote from 7 mil - 35 mil

Question 7

Who opposed the Act?

Answer 7

Congress Party because didn’t give same freedom as a Dominion or full ind
Princely states as wanted to maintain ind from rest of India

Question 7

Did it work?

Answer 7

No as India was an independent state in 1947

Question 7

What did the B do to deal with this?

Answer 7

Imposed direct rule
Repressed ind protests
Arrested leaders

Question 8

In 1939 why did members of Congress resign?

Answer 8

Opposed Indian participation in war

Question 9

What 2 categories did B African Colonies go into?

Answer 9

Indirect rule - through local leaders
Direct rule - where many B settlers were

Question 10

What countries were indirectly ruled?

Answer 10

Most in W Africa, Tanganyika, Uganda, Nyasaland + N Rhodesia
The League of Nation Mandates

Question 11

What was the British policy emphasising in these areas?

Answer 11

Economic + social development

Question 12

What did the B do in Sudan?

Answer 12

1920 B govt allotted £3 mil for Gezira Cotton Scheme
Needed major dam building + irrigation project

Question 13

What did the B do in East Africa?

Answer 13

1925 allotted £10 mil for improving rail + dock facilities

Question 14

What did the B do in West Africa?

Answer 14

Invested in schools and educational facilities

Question 15

What else was set up for the colonies in the continent?

Answer 15

Agricultural research stations

Question 16

What were all the African colonies expected to be?

Answer 16

Self financing
All major projects were mainly funded by taxes of themselves

Question 17

What helped give £1 mil of B Treasury funds for dev projects?

Answer 17

The Colonial Development Act 1929

Question 18

What limited imperial development policy?

Answer 18

Great Depression
Strikes by African workers - copper mines in Rhodesia

Question 19

What countries were under direct rule?

Answer 19

S Rhodesia
Kenya
S Africa

Question 20

What happened when the White pop in Kenya was given a degree of self-gov in 1920?

Answer 20

Moved Kikuyu + Indians out of land
Farmers became wealthy from tea + coffee + taxed Kikuyu

Question 21

Where did the Kikuyu migrate to?

Answer 21

Major cities
Nairobi + Mombasa

Question 22

What did the African nationalism with the Kikuyu make the Colonial Office issue?

Answer 22

The ‘Devonshire Declaration’
Stressed interests of the Africans had to be respected

Question 23

When did the white settlers get ind in S Rhodesia?

Answer 23

1923

Question 24

What enabled White settler dominance in South Africa?

Answer 24

Statute of Westminster

Question 25

What were B aims in Palestine?

Answer 25

Protect Suez Stabilise internal conflicts

Question 26

What made decisions hard?

Answer 26

B govt in London = pro-Jewish B authorities in Palestine = sympathy to Arabs

Question 27

What was the other division between Jewish + Arabs?

Answer 27

Land holding Most Arabs poor farmers renting Wealthier Jewish bought up land with Jewish National Fund + Arabs evicted

Question 28

When were enquiries to curb land acquisition?

Answer 28

1929 + 1931 Govt backed down from pro-Jewish in USA + B govt

Question 29

What did the B do in 1936?

Answer 29

Sent 20,000 troops to Palestine to deal with Arab rioting + attacks on Jews

Question 30

What Report was put out in 1937?

Answer 30

The Peel Report Recommended Palestine be separated into areas + B controlled some areas Opposed by Arabs

Question 31

What did the B do 1937 - 39?

Answer 31

Policy of repression 100 Arab terrorists hung

Question 32

What did the B do in 1939?

Answer 32

Scared of Italian attack on Egypt Said for a Palestinian state where Jews already living in the country would have a 'national homeland'

Question 33

What was Jewish immigration restricted to in 1939?

Answer 33

15,000 per year

Question 34

What shaped colonial policy in Mesopotamia?

Answer 34

Costs of administration Managing internal conflicts

Question 35

Why did the B have to intervene militarily in 1920?

Answer 35

There were widespread demonstrations against B In Baghdad turned into full scale revolt

Question 36

What happened at the Cairo Conference of 1921?

Answer 36

Allowed some local self -gov B retained full control of military + foreign affairs

Question 37

What did the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 1922 confirm?

Answer 37

Faisal I as King

Question 38

What did B still keep control of?

Answer 38

Affairs Major military bases Army

Question 39

What did the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 do?

Answer 39

Promised full consultation between 2 sides on foreign policy

Question 40

What was the main interest in Iraq?

Answer 40

Oil Before WW1 negotiated with Ottoman for B controlled Turkish Petroleum Company to extract oil They didn't uphold that Turkey would get 20% + set new terms

Question 41

What did the role the Dominions played make them want?

Answer 41

Full control

Question 42

What did the B create from concerns of losses?

Answer 42

Commonwealth Could gradually become fully independent nations but have 'special relationship' with B

Question 43

What did the Statute of Westminster recognise?

Answer 43

Dominions should be independent Laws in B couldn't be enforced in countries without permission of their own parliaments They were free to pass their own laws without interference from B

Question 44

What was the statute + commonwealth seen as in the media?

Answer 44

Evidence of the civilised nature of the British Empire

Question 45

What were the problems relating to imperial defence?

Answer 45

B had economic difficulties - defence = burden New aggressive regimes came up as a threat to empire + B = Japan + Germany Rise in nationalist movements

Question 46

What did B mistakenly think would help them with defence?

Answer 46

League of Nations

Question 47

How did B use appeasement as a policy to deploy resources to other areas?

Answer 47

Surrendered some territory demands made by Nazi Germany + Italy mistakenly thinking they were rational

Question 48

What other actions did the B do?

Answer 48

Modernised Indian army Built up Singapore as a naval base Spend £25 mil on these

Question 49

What event meant most of these policies unravelled?

Answer 49

Chamberlains estimation of Nazis WW2