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Sociology 112 > Chapter 14- Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 14- Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is criminology?

A

The body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. It includes within its school the process of making laws, breaking laws, and reacting towards the breaking of laws.

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2
Q

What is crime?

A

Designates certain behaviours and actions that require social control and social intervention, codified in law.

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3
Q

What is deviance?

A

Actions that violate social norms, and that may or may not be against the law.

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4
Q

Most crimes are understood as___however all___acts are not___.

A
  • deviant
  • deviant
  • criminal
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5
Q

What are some examples of deviant acts that have changed over time?

A
  • divorce
  • male hair buns
  • female tattoos
  • stay at home dads
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6
Q

What is the definition of social deviance?

A

Any acts that involve the violation of social norms

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7
Q

What does Howard Becker believe about social deviance?

A

Not the act itself, rather people’s reaction to the act that makes it deviant.

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8
Q

Who defines deviance?

A

Politicians/government, scientists, religious institutions, media
-media and society attempt to tell us who/what is deviant.

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9
Q

What can be understood as both informal and formal social controls?

A

deviance

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10
Q

What are moral entrepreneurs? What are two examples of moral entrepreneurs?

A
  • Raise opposition to a particular social phenomena. Raise a movement against/for something
  • Rosa Parks and Louis Riel
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11
Q

What is Rational Choice Theory?

A

Behaviour not the result of supernatural forces, but rather purposeful

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12
Q

What did Beccaria and Bentham believe about rational choice theory?

A
  • If crime results in some form of pleasure for the criminal, then paid met be used to prevent crime
  • Sentences must be proportionate to the seriousness of the crime
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13
Q

What are the four basic believes for Rational Choice Theory (classical criminology)?

A

1) People have free will to choose criminal or lawful solutions, and thus crime is a rational choice
2) Criminal solutions are seen as more attractive than lawful ones if they require less work for a greater payoff
3) The fear of punishment can control people’s choices
4) A society is better able to control criminal behaviour when criminality is met with: measured severity, certainty of punishment, swiftness of justice

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14
Q

What is the biological perspective to crime and criminology (positivism)?

A
  • Application of the scientific method to the social world
  • Focused on the individual, assuming that once we identify features that distinguish criminals from non-criminals, then possible to determine how to eliminate criminal behaviour
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15
Q

What is biological determinism?

A

The hypothesis that biological factors completely determine a person’s behaviour (criminality is based on physical traits).

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16
Q

What is Cesare Lombroso’s “The Criminal Man”?

A

Distinguished by an asymmetrical fact, large ears, particular eye defects, etc.

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17
Q

What is the overall theme of the biological perspective?

A

People are born criminal

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18
Q

What do sociological approaches to crime seek to do?

A

Shift the focus of criminology toward a consideration of the environments in which people are located.

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19
Q

What is the functionalism approach to crime rooted in?

A

Emile Durkheim’s notion of anomie

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20
Q

How is the notion of anomie applied to crime?

A

Rules governing behaviour break down resulting in people no longer knowing what to expect from one another. Formlessness leads to deviant behaviour.

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21
Q

What is the conflict theory approach to crime?

A

Crime is the product of class struggle.

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22
Q

What does the conflict theory approach to crime focus on?

A
  • The role government plays in creating criminogenic environment. An environment that, as a result of laws that privilege certain groups, produces crime of criminality.
  • Also focuses on the role that bias plays in the criminal justice system
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23
Q

Which sociological approach believes that criminal law is a tool to protect the interest of the affluent and the powerful?

A

Conflict Theory

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24
Q

What does conflict theory challenge with crime?

A

Challenge the commonly held belief that law is neutral & reflects the interests of society as a whole.

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25
Q

How does symbolic interactionism approach crime?

A

Criminal behaviour learned through interactions with others.

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26
Q

What are the two different symbolic interactionism theories for crime?

A

Differential Association Theory

Labelling Theory

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27
Q

What is Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory?

A

People learn criminal behaviour through social interaction.

28
Q

What is Becker’s Labelling Theory?

A
  • Based on actions of others to an individual’s act; response leads to the labelling of a person as deviant
  • No act inherently deviant until g groups with socially powerful statuses labels it as such
  • Profiling
29
Q

What is an example of labelling theory?

A
  • Profiling

- Ex. Black and Spanish and Muslim people (aura of negativity).

30
Q

What is the feminist theory approach to crime?

A

Concerned with issues of power, distractions of resources, and seek to explain the gendered nature of crime.

31
Q

How have female criminals been viewed, historically?

A

As ‘sick’ or ‘pathological’

32
Q

How are women who commit violence constructed?

A

As ‘victime’ or ‘mad’ or ‘bad’ or all three.

33
Q

What does feminist theory believe is the underlying condition behind certain crimes?

A

Patriarchy

34
Q

What hypothesis does feminist theory challenge with crime?

A

Chivalry hypothesis

35
Q

What is the sociology of law?

A
  • Subdiscipline of sociology
  • Attempts to place law, regulations, specific legal cases, and the administration of criminal justice into a social context
36
Q

Where were principles of Canadian Law adopted from?

A

Britain

37
Q

What is the Rule of Law?

A
  • No person is above the law, and there should be no arbitrary exercise of state power
  • Creation, administration, and application of the law based on acceptable procedures that promote fairness and equality
38
Q

Historically, what are the 3 approaches to the law?

A
  1. Consensus
  2. Conflict
  3. Interactionist
39
Q

What is the consensus view to the law?

A
  • Law is neutral framework for maintaining social cohesion
  • Definition of crime is a function of norms, morality
  • Applied fairly and uniformly
40
Q

What is the conflict view of the law?

A
  • Law as a tool to protect the haves from the have-nots

- Protects the property of those in power, suppresses potential political threats to the elites

41
Q

What sth interactionist view of the law?

A
  • Crime and law reflect opinions of people who impose their definitions of right an wrong on the rest of society
  • How we define what we are willing to accept in society
42
Q

What do critical legal studies focus on?

A

Contradictions and inconsistencies of the law

43
Q

What do critical legal studies reject?

A

Notion that law can ever be value-free

44
Q

Why do critical legal studies believe laws exist?

A

Laws exist as a legitimized way to support the interests of specific classes and groups of people

45
Q

What does critical race theory focus on with law and crime?

A

Focuses on issues of oppression and discrimination

46
Q

Which theory believes that racism is an embedded feature of modern society?

A

Critical Race Theory

47
Q

What is critical race theory interested in?

A

Topics such as racial profiling

48
Q

What actively constructs our sins elf who is “at risk”?

A

the media

49
Q

What does the media create? What is this?

A

Create moral panics: the reaction of a group based on the false of exaggerated perception that some groups of behaviour threatens the well-being of society

50
Q

Since 1991, has the crime rate significantly increased or decreased?

A

Decreased

51
Q

Which province has the highest crime rate?

A

Saskatchewan

52
Q

What year was the crime rate at its lowest level in more the 25 years?

A

2011

53
Q

What is Canada’s Crime Severity Index (CSI)?

A

Measures the seriousness of crimes reported to the police.

54
Q

Where were the highest CSI values? Where were the lowest CSI values?

A

Highest: NWT and Nunavut
Lowest: Ontario, New Brunswick, PEI

55
Q

What is notable about the homicide rate?

A

Remains fairly stable; slight increase in 2011

56
Q

What is the fear-gender paradox?

A

Men are more likely than women to be victims of crime; women have higher fear of crime

57
Q

What are consequences of women’s fear of crime?

A

Policies such as the Safe Streets Act

58
Q

What does women’s fear of crime reinforce?

A

Women’s dependency on men

59
Q

What does women’s fear of crime shift responsibility from?

A

Focusing on risk shift responsibility from the state protecting its citizens to individual being responsible for avoiding risk and risky situations.

60
Q

What can fear of becoming a victim of crime lead to?

A

Avoidance of outings and interactions which can negatively affect life satisfaction

61
Q

What is/are public order or victimless crimes?

A

Acts considered to be crimes based on moral principles (prostitution, gambling, pornography, substance abuse).

62
Q

What is Moral Regulation used to describe?

A

How some behaviours become constituted as immoral and are thereby regulated.

63
Q

What are some examples of moral regulation?

A

welfare recipients, sex and sexual relationships

64
Q

What is moral regulation perpetuated through?

A

discourse

65
Q

What affects of perception of crime victims?

A

moral regulation

Sociology 112 (19 decks)

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