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Russia and its Rulers- LP. > Chapter 1.4 - Methods of Repression and Enforcement > Flashcards

Chapter 1.4 - Methods of Repression and Enforcement Flashcards

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1
Q

Chapter 1.4 - methods of repression and enforcement

A

chapter 1.4

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2
Q

What are the 4 different ways repression was used in Russia?

A
  • Secret Police
  • Army
  • Censorship
  • Propaganda
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3
Q

The Secret Police: Alexander II
What was the secret police called under A2?

A

The Third Section of the Imperial Chancellery

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4
Q

What was the role of the Third Section?

A

To catch dissidents

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5
Q

When was the Third Section replaced by the Okhrana?

A

1880

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6
Q

How many unsuccessful assassination attempts on A2 were there?

A

5

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7
Q

How many people died when a bomb at the Winter Palace exploded in 1880?

A

11

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8
Q

When and where was A2 assassinated?

A

Assassinated on the 13th March 1881 in St Petersburg

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9
Q

The Secret Police: Alexander III
What did the Okhrana have the power to do after their power was increased by A3?

A

Infiltrate dissident groups

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10
Q

What opposition group was disbanded by the Okhrana in 1884?

A

The ‘People’s Will’

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11
Q

Who did the Okhrana execute in 1887 along with 4 others for plotting to assassinate the tsar?

A

Lenin’s brother

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12
Q

Why did the Okhrana become less prominent in the 1890s?

A

There was a lack of opposition

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13
Q

The Secret Police: Nicholas II
How many dissidents were murdered between 1905 and 1907?

A

3000

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14
Q

When was Prime Minister Stolypin assassinated?

A

18th September 1911

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15
Q

Why was the assassination of Grand Duke Sergi in 1905 important?

A

He was the tsar’s uncle

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16
Q

When could the Okhrana execute without trial?

A

After 1905

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17
Q

The Secret Police: Provisional Government
When was the Okhrana abolished?

A

February 1917

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18
Q

What did the provisional government replace the Okhrana with?

A

Nothing - no secret police

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19
Q

What did the provisional government set up to arrest people undermining the war effort?

A

The Counter Espionage Bureau of the Petrograd Military District

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20
Q

The Secret Police: Lenin
What was the secret police called under Lenin and when was it established?

A

The Cheka - established by the Bolsheviks in December 1917

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21
Q

Why was the Cheka’s victimisation of people unfair?

A

The Cheka victimised people on who they were and not what they had done

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22
Q

What was the role of the Cheka?

A

To deal with ‘counter-revolutionaries’

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23
Q

What did the head of the Cheka, Dzerzhinsky, instruct members?

A

‘Your first duty is to ask him to which class he belongs, what are his origins, his education, and his occupation. These questions should decide the fate of the prisoner’

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24
Q

What did the Cheka implementing Red Terror involve? 3 things

A
  • Implementing War Communism
  • Elimination of kulaks
  • Enforcement of conscription
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25
How many people did the Cheka execute per year from 1917 to 1922?
28,000
26
When was the Cheka disbanded and what replaced it?
Replaced in 1922 by the GPU
27
What did the GPU become in 1924?
OGPU
28
The Secret Police: Stalin What was set up to combat opposition to Stalin's personal dictatorship? in 1934?
The NKVD
29
What 3 high-ranking communists were executed by the NKVD?
- Trotsky - Kamenev - Zinoviev
30
Who was the first head of the NKVD and when was he executed?
Yagoda - executed in 1938
31
When was Yagoda's replacement, Yezhov, executed?
1940
32
What did the NKVD create in Russia?
A permanent form of terror
33
How many people did the NKVD send to the gulags under the Stalinist regime?
Over 40 million people
34
How many members of the NKVD had been purged by the start of WW2?
Around 20,000 people
35
After the NKVD became the NKGB in 1943, what were the two groups it split into?
MGB and MVD
36
When was Beria head of secret police?
1938 to 1953
37
What happened to Beria after Stalin's death?
He was executed in December 1953 under the orders of Khrushchev
38
The Secret Police: Khrushchev What did Khrushchev replace the MVD with in 1954?
The KGB
39
How was secret police under Khrushchev different to how it was under Stalin?
The KGB was under party control rather than individual control
40
When were the gulags shut down?
1955
41
How many political prisoners were there by 1960?
11,000
42
The Army: Alexander II What did Alexander II use the army for in 1863?
To put down the Polish Revolt
43
The Army: Alexander III What did Alexander III use the army for?
Enforcing Russification
44
The Army: Nicholas II What did the army do on Bloody Sunday in 1905?
Opened fire on protesters
45
What did the army crush under Nicholas II?
The 1905 revolution
46
What was the role of the army from 1905 to 1917?
To dismantle strikes, protests and riots
47
How many members of the Petrograd Garrison supported the February 1917 revolution?
150,000 members
48
What did Lenin and Trotsky encourage soldiers to form?
The Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC)
49
What did the MRC become?
The vanguard of the revolution
50
The Army: Lenin How many conscripts were there in the Red Army by 1922?
5 million conscripts in the Red Army by 1922
51
How many troops were in the Whites opposition?
500,000 troops
52
What did the Red Army impose with the Cheka?
War Communism
53
How many troops did Trotsky send to recapture the island where there was a mutiny at the Kronstadt naval base in February 1921?
50,000
54
The Army: Stalin What economic policy did Stalin use the military to implement?
Collectivisation
55
During the great purge from 1936-38, what % of the top echelon of the military had disappeared?
40%
56
Why was purging the top officers in the military illogical?
At the time there were rising international tensions following Hitler's expansionist foreign policy
57
What did Stalin order Russian troops to do in WW2?
Fight 'to the last drop of blood'
58
What was successfully defended in WW2?
Moscow and Stalingrad
59
The Army: Khrushchev What did Khrushchev use the army to crush?
The Hungarian Uprising in 1956
60
What was the size of the army in 1955 and 1964?
1955 - 3.6 million 1964 - 2.4 million
61
Censorship: Alexander II What was experienced for the first time in Russia during the rule of Alexander II?
Glasnost (openness)
62
When was censorship relaxed?
1865
63
What did the government have the right to do despite censorship being relaxed?
The government had the right to withdraw publications of a 'dangerous orientation'
64
What newspaper did the government publish?
Ruskii
65
How many books were published in 1855?
1020 books published
66
How many books were published in 1864?
1836 books published
67
What was published in Russian in 1872?
Volume 1 of Marx's 'Das Kapital'
68
Censorship: Alexander III What did the government have the right to do under A3?
The government was allowed to censor written material before it was published
69
What happened to newspapers the government didn't agree with?
They were shut down
70
Censorship: Nicholas II pre-WW1 What did Nicholas II do in regards to censorship?
Nicholas II reverted to the glasnost of Alexander II
71
How much did the circulation of periodicals increase from 1900 to 1914?
Increased three-fold
72
What happened to prepublication censorship?
It disappeared
73
What newspaper emerged that was aimed at the proletariat under Nicholas II?
'Kopek' (penny)
74
What began to be reported in print?
Political matters discussed in the Duma
75
Censorship: Nicholas II during WW2 What happened to censorship during WW1?
It increased dramatically
76
How did most people get their news?
From troops listening to foreign broadcasts
77
Censorship: Lenin Why did the Bolsheviks abolish press freedom?
In order to suppress 'counter-revolutionaries'
78
What department was set up in 1921 with the aim of promoting an idealised picture of Russian life?
Agitation and Propaganda department (Agitprop)
79
What was put under surveillance by the Bolsheviks?
Schools, cinema, radio and libraries
80
What writers were given gifts form promoting the new government?
Gorky and Zemyatin
81
Censorship: Stalin By when were all literary groups shut down?
1932
82
What did writers in the Soviet Union have to join?
The Union of Soviet Writers (USW)
83
What did members of the Union of Soviet Writers have to produce material under the banner of?
Socialist realism
84
How many writers were put on trial for treason in August 1952 and how many were executed?
15 put on trial - 13 executed
85
Censorship: Khrushchev What happened to censorship under Khrushchev?
Censorship was eased
86
How many books were published per year by the late 1950s?
65,000 books - 2x as many as in the 1920s
87
How many libraries were there by 1959 and how many books did they contain?
135,000 libraries containing around 8 billion books
88
How many more books were there in 1959 than there were in 1913?
10x more books
89
What was the readership of newspapers by the early 1960s?
Nearly 60 million
90
How many films were made in 1959?
145
91
Propaganda: Nicholas II What was distributed after the 1905 revolution?
Photos of the royal family
92
Propaganda: Lenin What was set up in 1921 to distribute propaganda?
Agitprop
93
What slogans did the Bolsheviks use to communicate their message to the population?
- 'Peace, Bread and Land' - 'All Power to the Soviets'
94
What was Petrograd renamed in 1924?
Leningrad
95
What newspaper did the Bolsheviks set up?
Pravda (truth)
96
Propaganda: Stalin What did Stalin create around himself and Lenin?
A cult of personality
97
What was a Stalin slogan in 1924?
'Stalin is the Lenin of Today'
98
How much did membership to the youth group Komsomol increase from 1929 to 1941?
Increased five-fold
99
What type of music was banned?
Jazz music
100
What did the Stakhanovite movement encourage?
People to work harder
101
What did movies depict?
'Socialist realism'
102
How many directors of the movie industry were executed between 1948 and 1953?
2

Russia and its Rulers- LP. (37 decks)

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