Chapter 14 Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
The urinary system has two principle functions: excreting _________ and regulating the composition of _______.
A
wastes, blood
2
Q
The urinary system has two principle functions: excreting _________ and regulating the composition of _______.
A
wastes, blood
3
Q
The right kidney lies slightly _______ than the left kidney because the large right lobe of the _______ pushes it _______.
A
lower, liver, inferiorly
4
Q
The kidneys move with respiration; on deep inspiration, both kidneys move _________ approximately 1 inch.
A
downward
5
Q
Within the hilus of the kidney are other _______ structures, a ureter, and the _______.
A
vascular, lymphatics
6
Q
A fibrous capsule called the ______ surrounds the kidney.
A
true capsule
7
Q
Ouside of this fibrous capsule is a covering of ________.
A
perinephric fat.
8
Q
The ________ fascia surrounds the perinephric fat and encloses the kdneys and adrenal glands.
A
perinephric
9
Q
The renal fascia, known as _______ fascia, surrounds the true capsule and perinephric fat.
A
Gerota’s
10
Q
The medullary substance consists of a seris of striated conical masses, call the renal ______.
A
pyramids
11
Q
A nephron consists of two main structures, a renal ________ and a renal _________.
A
corpuscle, tubule
12
Q
Nephrons ________ the blood and produce _____.
A
filter, urine
13
Q
The renal corpuscle consists of a network of capillaries, called the ________, which is surrounded by cuplike structure known as _________.
A
glumeulos, Bowman’s capsule
14
Q
Blood flows into the glomerulus through a small _________ arteriole and leaves the glomerulus through a(n) _______ arteriole.
A
afferent, efferent
15
Q
There are three constrictions along the ureter’s course: (1) _______, (2) _________, (3)__________.
A
where the ureter leaves the renal pelvis, where it kinks as crosses the pelvic brim, where it pierces the bladder wall
16
Q
The main renal artery is a lateral branch of the aorta and arises just inferior to the __________ artery.
A
superior mesenteric
17
Q
The renal vein drains into the ________ of the inferior vena cava.
A
lateral walls
18
Q
The urinary system is located posterior to the peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity in an area called the __________.
A
retroperitoneum
19
Q
The kidneys adjust the amounts of _______ and _________ leaving the body so that these equal the amounts of substances entering the body.
A
water, electrolytes
20
Q
The principal metabolic waste products are _______, ________, and nitrogenous wastes.
A
water, carbon dioxide
21
Q
Both urea and uric acid are carried away from the liver into the kidneys by the _______ system.
A
vascular
22
Q
The presence of an acute infection causes _______, which is ________ in the urine; pyuria means there is _______ in the urine.
A
hematuria, red blood cells, pus
23
Q
The pH refers to the strenght of the urine as a partly _______ or ______ solution.
A
acidic, alkaline
24
Q
The _________ is the measurement of the kidney’s ability to concentrate urine.
A
specific gravity
25
The specific gravity is especially _______ in cases of renal failure, glomerular nephritis, and pyelonephritis.
low
26
A decreased __________ occurs with acute hemorrhagic processes secondary to disease or blunt trauma.
hematocrit
27
Impairment of renal function and increased protein catabolism result in BUN _______ that is relative to the degree of renal impairment and rate of urea nitrogen excreted by the kidneys.
elevation
28
The renal parenchyma surrounds the fatty central renal sinus, which contains these five structures:
calycs, infundibula, pelvis, vessels and lymphatics
29
Dilation of the collecting system has also been noted in _________ patients, especially the right kidney.
pregnant
30
The __________ is the area from the renal sinus to the outer renal surface.
parenchyma
31
The _________ and __________ arteries and are best demonstrated as intense specular echoes in cross section or oblique section at the corticomedullary junction.
interlobar vessels, arcuate
32
The _________ generally is echo producing, whereas the medullary pyramids are _______.
cortex, hypoechoic
33
the cortex and medullary pyramids are separated from each other by bands of cortical tissue, called _________, that extend inward to the renal sinus.
columns of Bertin
34
The ______ lie posterior to the renal arteries and should be identified by their lack of pulsations and absence of Doppler flow.
crura
35
The _________ of the pyramid oints toward the sinus, and the _______ lies adjacent to the renal cortex.
apex, base
36
The _________ is a cortical bulge that occurs on the lateral border of the kidney, typically more on the left side.
Dromedary Hump
37
The right kidney lies slightly _______ than the left kidney because the large right lobe of the _______ pushes it _______.
lower, liver, inferiorly
38
The kidneys move with respiration; on deep inspiration, both kidneys move _________ approximately 1 inch.
downward
39
Within the hilus of the kidney are other _______ structures, a ureter, and the _______.
vascular, lymphatics
40
A fibrous capsule called the ______ surrounds the kidney.
true capsule
41
Ouside of this fibrous capsule is a covering of ________.
perinephric fat.
42
The ________ fascia surrounds the perinephric fat and encloses the kdneys and adrenal glands.
perinephric
43
The renal fascia, known as _______ fascia, surrounds the true capsule and perinephric fat.
Gerota's
44
The medullary substance consists of a seris of striated conical masses, call the renal ______.
pyramids
45
A nephron consists of two main structures, a renal ________ and a renal _________.
corpuscle, tubule
46
Nephrons ________ the blood and produce _____.
blood, urine
47
The renal corpuscle consists of a network of capillaries, called the ________, which is surrounded by cuplike structure known as _________.
glumeulos, Bowman's capsule
48
Blood flows into the glomerulus through a small _________ arteriole and leaves the glomerulus through a(n) _______ arteriole.
afferent, efferent
49
There are three constrictions along the ureter's course: (1) _______, (2) _________, (3)__________.
where the ureter leaves the renal pelvis, where it kinks as crosses the pelvic brim, where it pierces the bladder wall
50
The main renal artery is a lateral branch of the aorta and arises just inferior to the __________ artery.
superior mesenteric
51
The renal vein drains into the ________ of the inferior vena cava.
lateral walls
52
The urinary system is located posterior to the peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity in an area called the __________.
retroperitoneum
53
The kidneys adjust the amounts of _______ and _________ leaving the body so that these equal the amounts of substances entering the body.
water, electrolytes
54
The principal metabolic waste products are _______, ________, and nitrogenous wastes.
water, carbon dioxide
55
Both urea and uric acid are carried away from the liver into the kidneys by the _______ system.
vascular
56
The presence of an acute infection causes _______, which is ________ in the urine; pyuria means there is _______ in the urine.
hematuria, red blood cells, pus
57
The pH refers to the strenght of the urine as a partly _______ or ______ solution.
acidic, alkaline
58
The _________ is the measurement of the kidney's ability to concentrate urine.
specific gravity
59
The specific gravity is especially _______ in cases of renal failure, glomerular nephritis, and pyelonephritis.
low
60
A decreased __________ occurs with acute hemorrhagic processes secondary to disease or blunt trauma.
hematocrit
61
Impairment of renal function and increased protein catabolism result in BUN _______ that is relative to the degree of renal impairment and rate of urea nitrogen excreted by the kidneys.
elevation
62
The renal parenchyma surrounds the fatty central renal sinus, which contains these five structures:
calycs, infundibula, pelvis, vessels and lymphatics
63
Dilation of the collecting system has also been noted in _________ patients, especially the right kidney.
pregnant
64
The __________ is the area from the renal sinus to the outer renal surface.
parenchyma
65
The _________ and __________ arteries and are best demonstrated as intense specular echoes in cross section or oblique section at the corticomedullary junction.
interlobar vessels, arcuate
66
The _________ generally is echo producing, whereas the medullary pyramids are _______.
cortex, hypoechoic
67
the cortex and medullary pyramids are separated from each other by bands of cortical tissue, called _________, that extend inward to the renal sinus.
columns of Bertin
68
The ______ lie posterior to the renal ) _____arteries and should be identified by their lack of pulsations and absence of Doppler flow.
crura
69
The _________ of the pyramid points toward the sinus, and the _______ lies adjacent to the renal cortex.
apex, base
70
The _________ is a cortical bulge that occurs on the lateral border of the kidney, typically more on the left side.
Dromedary Hump
71
A(n) _________ is a triangular, echogenic area in the upper pole of the renal parenchyma that can be sen during normal scanning.
junctional parenchymal defect
72
In a patient with a(n) ____________ ther is fusion of the dineys during fetal development that almost invariably involves the _______ poles.
lower
73
A cystic mass presents sonographically iwth several characteristic features:
(1) smooth, thin, well-defined borders
(2) round or oval shape
(3) sharp interface between the cyst and renal parenchyma
(4) no internal echos (anechoic)
(5) increased posterior enhancement
74
A cystlike enlargemnt of the lower end of the ureter is called a(n) _________.
ureterocele
75
Sonographically, it is difficult to differentiate between a(n) _________ cyst and a small adjacent cortical cyst.
septated
76
The parapelvic cyst is found in the _________ but does not communicate with the renal collecting system.
renal sinus
77
Name the four forms of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease.
Perinatal, neonatal, infantile and juvenile
78
Usually a(n) __________ renal contour is the first finding that a mass may be present and requires further investigation.
abnormal`
79
One of the most common benign renal tumors is called ________.
adenoma
80
An uncommon benigh renal tumor composed maily of fat cells and commonly found in the renal cortex is ____________,
angiomyolipoma.
81
A(n) ________ appears as a well-defined echogenic mass, found more often in females.
lipomas
82
Sonographic findings include one or more fluid spaces at the __________ junction that corresponds to the distribution of the renal pyramids.
corticomedullary
83
Although the kidneys appear enlarges with a highly echogenic renal sinus, the intrarenal anatomy is preserved with uniform loss of renal tissue in patients with _________.
renal atrophy
84
They most common medical renal disease that produces acute renal failure is ______.
acute tubular necrosis.
85
Chronic renal disease is loss of renal ________ as a result of disease, most commonly parenchymal disease.
function
86
There are three pirmary types of chronic renal failure: ________, _______ and _________.
nephron, vascular, interstitial abnormalities.
87
___________ is when the dilated pyelocalyceal system appears as separation of the renal sinus echoes by fluid-filled areas that conform anatomically to the infundibula, calyces, and renal pelvis.
Hydronephrosis
88
A localized hydronephrosis occurs as a result of ________, calculi, _______, or the __________.
strictures, focal masses, duplex collecting system
89
Hydropnephrosis with a dilated ureter and bladder indicates obstruction and bladder indicates obstruction of the _________ junction or of the _________.
ureterovesical, urethra
90
If hydronephrosis is suspected, the sonographer should evaluate the _______.
bladder
91
Name two conditions that might mimic hydronephrosis.
Extrarenal pelvis, parapelvic cyst, reflux, multicystic kidney
92
Ureteral jets are best visualized by ______ imaging.
color Doppler
93
When pus is found withing the obsturcted renal system, the condition is called _______.
pyonephrosis
94
__________ is a diffuse foci of calcium deposits, which is usually located in the medulla and infrequently can also be seen in the renal cortex.
Nephrocalcinosis
95
A renal ______ occurs when part of the tissue undergoes necrosis after the cessation of the blood supply, usually as a result of artery occlusion.
infarction
96
The major problem encountered with renal transplantation is _______.
graft rejection.
97
Early after surgery, a baseline sonographic examination is performed to determine ______, _________, and ________.
renal size, calycial pattern, extrarenal fluid collection
98
Perirenal fluid collections such as _______, ______, _________ or ___________ can be diagnosed reliably and differentiated from acute rejection.
hematoma, abscess, urinoma, lymphocele
99
_______ rejection occurs within hous of transplatation and is caused by vasculitis leading to thrombosis and usually the loss of the graft.
Hyperacute
100
_______ rejection occurs within days to months after transplant.
Acute
101
_____ rejection causes include preformed antibodies, immune complexes, and cell-mediated responses.
Immunologic
102
_________ rejection can occur months after transplantation with gradual onset.
Chronic
103
When using ultrasound to help diagnose rejection, care must be taken to visualize these five things:
The size and shape of kidneys, the appearance of the pyramids, cortex and parenchyma, and the presence of any surrounding fluid collections
104
The incidence of acute tubular necrosis is usually higher in ______ transplants than in _____ transplants.
cadaveric, donor-relative
105
Early signs of obstruction are ______ or severe ______ in a patient with satisfactory renal volumes.
anuria, oliguria
106
Renal artery stenosis exhibits a(n) ______ jet with distal turbulence.
high velocity
107
________ Doppler is not angle dependent and has a greater sensitivity to detect blood flow.
Power
108
The initial clinical sign of a kidnehy stone is extreme _____, typically followed by cramping on the side where the stone is located; nausea and vomiting may also occur.
pain
109
Renal stones have very ________ foci with posterior acoustic shadowing.
echogenic
110
If the stone causes obstruction, there will be _______ and, depending on the location of the stone, the ureter may be dilated _______ to the level of obstruction.
hydronephrosis, superior
111
_____________ entails herniation of all layers of the bladder wall and is located in the posterior angle of the trigone.
congenitel diverticulum
112
__________ diverticula are herniations of only the two inner layers through the muscle layer.
Acquired
113
_________ is usually secondary to another condition that causes stasis of urine in the bladder.
cystitis
114
The majority of bladder tumors in adults are ______ carcinoma.
transitional cell
