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Intro to Radiography > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Physiological process by which the internal systems of the body are maintained with equilibrium despite variations in external conditions

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2
Q

Mechanisms to maintain homeostasis?

A

Body temp
Pulse rate
Respiratory rate
Blood pressure
Sensorium - mental alertness

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3
Q

Benefits of vital signs

A

Can be assessed quickly

Serve as objective, non-invasive evidence of the patients immediate condition

First indication of adverse reactions

Indication of improvement

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4
Q

What is Thermoregulation?

A

Used to describe the body’s maintenance of heat production and heat loss

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5
Q

What two systems play a role in heat?

A

Hypothalamus
Respiratory System

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6
Q

What are the temp functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulation of heat loss (peripheral vasodilation and sweating)

Preservation of heat (initiating shivering - generate heat)

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7
Q

What is another word for sweating?

A

Diaphoresis

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8
Q

What are the five ways to measure body temp?

A

Oral
Axillary
Tympanic
Rectal
Temporal

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9
Q

Characteristics of oral thermometer

A

Used under tounge
20 sec - 3 minutes for reading

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10
Q

Characteristics of axillary thermometer

A

Best for kids
Used in the arm pit
5-10 minutes for reading

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11
Q

Characteristics of rectal thermometer

A

Most accurate
Placed in rectum
Reading in 2.5 to 5 minutes

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12
Q

Characteristics of Temporal Artery thermometer

A

Sweeping across forehead
Instant and accurate measurement
Most popular

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13
Q

What are infra-red thermometers?

A

Useful in wound management and diabetic foot care. Not useful for measuring core body temp.

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14
Q

Normal body temperature range

A

97.7 - 99.5

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15
Q

What happens when body temp increases?

A

Metabolic rate increases, demands on cardiopulmonary system increase

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16
Q

What is hyperthermia?

A

Abnormally high temp - above 99.5

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17
Q

Another word for fever:

A

Febrile

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18
Q

What is hypothermic?

A

Below the normal range

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19
Q

Function of respiratory system?

A

Deliver O2, eliminate CO2

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20
Q

What happens to diaphragm during inspiration?

A

Moves downward, expanding chest cavity and decreased pressure

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21
Q

What happens to diaphragm during expiration?

A

Returns to original position; increased pressure and air flows out of the lungs

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22
Q

What does normal respiration sound like?

A

Silent and effortless
Occuring at regular intervals

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23
Q

How is resipriation measured?

A

Breaths per minute

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24
Q

What is the normal range for breaths per minute?

A

Adult 12-20
Child 20-30
Newborn 30-60

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24
What is Trachypnea? And what causes it?
Above 20 bpm (child above 30) Fever, exercise, infection, pain, chest trauma
25
What is Bradypnea? And what causes it?
Below 12 bpm (child below 20) Drug overdose, substance abuse, brain injuries, hypothermia
26
What is Dyspnea?
Difficulty breathing
27
What is Apnea?
Lack of breathing
28
What is the cardiovascular system?
Closed fluid system composed of a pump and many blood vessels
29
Function of cardiovascular system?
Transport oxygenated blood from lungs to cells of body and returns deoxygenated blood back to heart/lungs Transports CO2 from cells to lungs for removal
30
What is the flow of blood through the heart?
Left ventricle contracts, pumps blood out of heart into aorta and throughout arteries
31
What is a pulse?
Rate at which your heart beats
32
What are common sites of measurement for pulse?
Radial artery Brachial artery Carotid artery
33
How to take pulse at radial artery?
At the base of thumb Count 15 seconds and multiply by 4 - if irregular, count for 60
34
Where is brachial artery?
Antecubital fossa on adults; upper arm for infants
35
Where to take pulse for carotid artery?
Palpate for carotid pulse just below the angle of the mandible
36
How to get apical pulse?
Done with stethoscope at apex or tip of heart (5th anterior intercostal space at midclavicular line) Count for full minute Done if pulse is slow or irregular
37
What is auscultation?
Listening to internal sounds of the body w/ stethoscope
38
What is a pulse oximeter? Where it it located? What causes it to be innacurate? Normal values?
Non-invasive device used to measure pulse and hemoglobin O2 saturation of arterial blood Usually located on finger, but may be seen on earlobe, foot, nose Can be inaccurate due to poor peripheral perfusion, nail polish, etc Normal values - 95%-100%
39
Resting pulse in adults and children:
Adult: 60-100 beats/minute Child under 10: 70-120 beats/minute
40
What is Tachycardia?
Pulse is higher than 100bpm
41
What causes Tachycardia?
Exercise, fever, anemia, shock, fear, pain, anger
42
What is Bradycardia?
Decrease in heartrate
43
Causes of Bradycardia?
Unrelieved severe pain, athletes, hypothermia
44
What is blood pressure?
Measure of force exerted by blood on arterial walls during contraction and relaxation of heart
45
What is Diastolic?
Resting BP - constant pressure on arterial vessels when the heart is relaxed
46
What is Systolic?
Peak pressure present during contraction of the heart
47
How is blood pressure obtained?
Using a sphygmomanometer and stethopscope Arm at level of heart, cuff is placed on upper arm between the elbow and shoulder Stethoscope is placed over brachial artery in antecubital fossa
48
What is the first sound you hear when pressure is released?
Systolic
49
What pressure is it when the sound of blood flowing can no longer be heart?
Diastolic
50
What are Korotkoff sounds?
Sound of blood flowing through the arteries, you hear when taking blood pressure. Named after Russian doctor
51
How is blood pressure recorded?
S/D
52
What is normal blood pressue?
120/80 Systolic - 95-140 mmHg Diastolic - 60-90 mmHg
53
What is Hypertension? What organs can it cause damange to? What contributed to it? More common in who?
Causes increase workload on the heart Blood pressure above 140/90 Can cause damange to heart, brain, kidneys, lungs Diseases, stress, medication, obesity, smoking More common in men and African Americans
54
Why is hypotension? What are symptoms?
Blood pressure is less than 95/60 Dizziness, confusion, blurred-vision Can go into shock as the result of severe bleeding, burns, vomitting, diarrhea, trauma, or heat exhaustion
55
Oxygen makes up what percent of atomospheric gases?
21%
56
How long can you go without oxygen before irreversible damange occurs?
6 minutes
57
What happens when O2 levels are low?
Metabolic rate is compromised, homeostasis altered
58
What is Hypoxia? What tissues are most sensitive to it?
Oxygen supply to tissues is reduced Brain, heart and liver
59
What is Hypoxemia?
Low oxygen in blood
60
How many patients in acute care are on oxygen?
1/3
61
Benefits of oxygen?
Increased heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate
62
How is oxygen usually ordered?
Liters per minute, concentration (24%), or fractional concentration (.24%)
63
What color tank is oxygen in?
Green
64
What happens if patient is given too much oxygen?
Toxicity, dry out nasal mucousa, damanges the lungs
64
2 delivery systems of oxygen?
Low-flow High-flow
65
How does low-flow oxygen work?
Variable oxygen concentration Provides only part of inspirational volume because mixed with room air
66
How does high-flow oxygen work?
Fixed oxygen concentration
66
What is Air-Entrainment principle?
Room air gases are precisely mixed with 100% oxygen before reaching patient
67
What are the types of oxygen devices?
Nasal Cannula Oxygen mask Ventilators
68
How does nasal cannula work? Delivery rates? Low-flow or high?
Most common Short prongs inserted into nares Delivery rates of 1-4 LPM, delivering 24%-36% concentration Low-flow device: never use over 6 LMP
69
Properties of a Simple Mask
Simple mask - low-flow; O2 flow rate greater than 6 LPM
70
Oxygen devices for children:
Tent - covers the child's Oxyhood - generally used on infants
71
What is a ventilator and what does it control?
Artificial airway inserted into trachea and connected to mechanical ventilator Controls respiratory rate, insiratory volume, and oxygen content Don't silent alarms if they go off
72
Technique for intubation?
Lower kVp, higher mAs
73
What is intubation?
Insert tube into canal, hollow organ, or cavity
74
What are Endotracheal Tubes?
Tracheal intubation: trans laryngeal approach via nose or mouth
75
What is a Trachostomy?
Surgical opening thorugh anterior neck into trachea
76
What is the proper placement for ET tube?
Distal tip is 1-2 inches superior to tracheal bifurcation
77
What is the most common malposition of ET tube?
Right bronchi has less angle, causes left lung collapse
78
What are chest tubes used for?
Drain intrapleural space and mediastinum
79
What happens when fluid or air accumulates in chest?
Negative pressure is lowered and lungs fail to fully expand
80
What is pleural effusion?
Fluid within the pleural cavity; causes blunting of costaphrenic angles with enough fluid present
81
What is Pneumothorax? What causes it?
Air or gas in pleural cavity Bleb - rupture of lining of lungs Fractured rib CV line insertion error Empyema - gas-producing microorganism
82
What are CV lines?
Catheters inserted into a large vein
83
Who are the developers of externally tunneled CV lines?
Broviac and Hickman Leonard and Groshong
84
What are the different types of CV lines?
Percutaneous (subclavian) Totally imported ports PICC lines Externally tunneled
85
What are PICC lines and where are they entered?
Peripheral Inserted Central Catheter Goes into basilic/cephalic vein
86
Preferred location for CV lines?
SVC, 2-3 cm above right atrial junction
87
Perferred insertion site for CV lines?
Right subclavain vein
88
Complications with CV lines?
Catheter dislodgement Occlusions 1/3 are placed incorrectly
89
Right side approach for CV lines:
Follow subclavian vein - catheter to right of the verterbal column
90
Left side approach for CV lines:
Longer catheter Through subclavian vein to brachiocephalic Left side always crosses midline
91
What type of oxygen tanks should be used for MRI?
Titanium
92
Properties of Non-rebreathing Mask
Low-flow device Have bags attached-reserviors, 1 way valve attached to prevent exhaled air from being re-breathed
93
Properties of Partial Re-breathing Mask
Does not have a 1 way valve
94
Properties of Aerosol Mask
High flow device w/ neubilizer O2 flow rate of at least 8 LPM Watch tubing when moving patient - fluid in corrugated tubing
95
Properties of Air-Entrainment Mask
High-flow device O2 forced through small opening/tube in the mask Constant O2 concentration regardless of changes to respiratory system

Intro to Radiography (15 decks)

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