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ap world history yay > chapter 15 > Flashcards

chapter 15 Flashcards

india and the indian ocean basin

1
Q

Who was a shipmaster from Siraf who told many tall tales of his travels, and compiled a book called “Book of Wonders of India”?

A

Buzurg ibn Shahriyar

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2
Q

How many stories were in Buzurg ibn Shahriyar’s “Book of Wonders of India”?

A

136

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3
Q

What group of nomadic invaders disrupted the Gupta administration beginning in 451 CE?

A

White Huns

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4
Q

How old was King Harsha when he came to the throne?

A

16

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5
Q

Who was King Harsha’s contemporary (in China)?

A

Emperor Tang Taizong

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6
Q

What religion did King Harsha practice?

A

Buddhism

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7
Q

Harsha spent much of his reign…?

A

On horseback; travelling throughout his realm to solidify alliances with local rulers

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8
Q

How did King Harsha’s empire eventually fall?

A
  • Local rulers had established their authority too securely in India’s regions for Harsha to overcome them (he had little authority over them)
  • He fell victim to an assassin and left no heir to maintain his realm
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9
Q

How did Islam reach northern India by military?

A

Arab forces had entered India a lot earlier, but they conquered Sind and incorporated it into the Umayyad empire, and this region stood on the fringe of the Islamic world.

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10
Q

Where was Sind?

A

the Indus River Valley in northwestern India

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11
Q

Why did Muslim merchants congregate in the Gujarat region?

A

The port city of Cambay; it was the most important trading center in India throughout the millenium from 500-1500 CE

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12
Q

Where did the Muslim Turks enter the Abbasid realm?

A

Migrating into Byzantine Anatolia, others moved into Afghanistan

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13
Q

Where did Mahmud of Ghazni build the city of Ghazni?

A

near Kabul in modern-day Afghanistan

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14
Q

True or False: Mahmud of Ghazni supported historians, mathematicians, and literary figures at his court

A

TRUE

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15
Q

Where did Mahmud of Ghazni annex several states in his raiding expeditions in northern India?

A

Northwestern India and the Punjab

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16
Q

True or False: Mahmud of Ghazni was interested in ruling the lands that he raided and plundered.

A

FALSE; he had less interest in conquering and ruling India than in plundering wealth stored in its many well-endowed temples

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17
Q

When did Mahmud infamously destroy the great Somnath Hindu Temple of Gujarat?

A

1025

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18
Q

What temple did Mahmud of Ghazni infamously destroy in 1025?

A

The Somnath Hindu Temple of Gujarat

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19
Q

True or False: Mahmud’s raids encouraged Indians to turn to Islam

A

FALSE

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20
Q

Where was the capital of the sultanate of Delhi?

A

Delhi

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21
Q

How long did the sultanate of Delhi rule northern India?

A

more than three centuries

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22
Q

True or False: the sultans of Delhi were patrons of the arts and literature

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Where did the sultanate of Delhi often conduct raids to attempt to expand their authority?

A

In the Deccan region of southern India–they never overcame Hindu resistance

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24
Q

Who did the sultanate of Delhi depend on to carry out their policies and advance their interests in local regions?

A

Hindu kings

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25
Q

Of the 35 sultans of Delhi, how many perished to the hands of assassins?

A

19

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26
Q

Where did the sultans play a large role in establishing Islam?

A

The Bengal region

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27
Q

What region did the Chola kingdom rule for more than four centuries?

A

the Coromandel coast

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28
Q

What bodies of water did the Chola navy dominate?

A

From the South China Sea to the Arabian Sea

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29
Q

True or False: Chola rulers allowed for considerable autonomy for local and village institutions

A

TRUE; so long as they maintained order and delivered tax revenues on time

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30
Q

True or False: Chola rulers were more interested in building a powerful state than in realizing profits that came from the domination of trade in the Indian Ocean basin

A

FALSE; its vice versa

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31
Q

Who expelled Chola officials from Ceylon?

A

Native Sinhalese forces

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32
Q

Who founded the kingdom of Vijayanagar?

A

brothers Harihara and Bukka from the sultanate of Delhi

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33
Q

What religion did Harihara and Bukka renounce in their efforts to establish rule in southern India?

A

Islam; they converted back to Hinduism

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34
Q

How did the kingdom of Vijayanagar fall?

A

It fell to an alliance of Muslim kingdoms

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35
Q

Where did the Chola kingdom rule predominantly?

A

Southern India

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36
Q

During the spring and summer, which direction do moisture-laden winds bring rainfall?

A

Moisture-laden winds from the southwest bring most of India’s rainfall

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37
Q

During the autumn and winter, which direction do cool and dry winds blow?

A

From the northeast

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38
Q

True or False: southern India is humid with conditions to support their agriculture without reliance on rivers and irrigation systems

A

FALSE: southern India is a arid land without rivers like the Indus or the Ganges that can serve as sources for large-scale irrigation. Irrigation systems were crucial.

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39
Q

What was particularly impressive about irrigation systems in southern India?

A

Monumental reservoirs lined with brick or stone that captured the rains of the spring and summer months and held them until the dry season, when canalas would carry the water into thirsty fields

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40
Q

By 1500, what was the population of the Indian subcontinent?

A

105 million

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41
Q

What staple foods were self-sufficient in most regions of the Indian subcontinent?

A

Rice, wheat, barley, and millet

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42
Q

What specialized crops grew well/could be found only in certain regions of India?

A

Iron, copper, salt, pepper, spices, condiments

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43
Q

What coastal towns in southern India flourished with trade as invasions and conflicts disrupted northern India?

A

Calicut and Quilon

44
Q

What did southern Indians use their growing wealth for?

A

Constructing elaborate Hindu temples

45
Q

List some services that Hindu temples provided for communities around them.

A
  • organized agricultural activities
  • coordinated work on irrigation systems
  • maintained reserves of surplus production to use in times of need
  • provided basic schooling for boys
  • employed brahmins, attendants, musicians, servants, and slaves
  • served as bankers and made loans
46
Q

What kind of ship was favored by India, Persian, and Arab sailors?

A

Dhows

47
Q

What kind of ship from China and southeast Asia in the India Ocean?

A

Junks

48
Q

True or False: during the age of sail, it was possible to make a round trip across the Indian Ocean without spending months at distant ports waiting for winds to change.

A

FALSE; merchants usually conducted their trade in stages

49
Q

What merchants exchanged goods at Cambay, Calicut, or Quilon for goods to take back west with the winter monsoon?

A

Merchants coming from east Africa or Persia

50
Q

What merchants traded their cargoes for goods to ship east with the summer monsoon?

A

Mariners from China or southeast Asia

51
Q

Why was India a natural site for emporia and warehouses?

A

It stood in the middle of the Indian Ocean basin

52
Q

In the Bay of Bengal and the China seas, what vessels were most prominent?

A

Malay and Chinese vessels

53
Q

For centuries, Indian artisans enjoyed a reputation for manufacture of what?

A

fine cotton textiles

54
Q

What were some other industries that emerged in post classical India?

A

sugar refining, leather tanning, stone carving, carpet weaving, iron and steel production

55
Q

What were Indian artisans particularly well known for the production of?

A

High-carbon steel, which held lethal cutting edge, high demand for knives and swords

56
Q

Where was the kingdom of Axum founded?

A

In the highlands of northern Ethiopia about the first century CE

57
Q

How did the Kingdom of Axum come to power?

A
  • displaced Kush as Egypt’s principal link to southern lands
  • sent Nubian kingdom into economic and political decline
  • invaded Kush and destroyed capital city of Meroe
  • adopted Christianity and established distinctive church-maintaining relations with Christian communities in Egypt and Mediterranean basin
58
Q

In their round of territorial expansion, what territories did the kingdom of Axum include?

A

modern-day Ethiopia and Yemen in southern Arabia

59
Q

From the sixth to ninth century CE, what was the most prominent port in east Africa?

A

Adulis; funneling gold, ivory, and slaves from sub-saharan Africa to Egypt, Mediterranean, and Indian Ocean basin

60
Q

Why was the Kingdom of Axum important?

A

It was able to maintain its independence and prosperity largely because of its participation in trading networks of the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea

61
Q

In the absence of central government the___________helped to maintain order in local communities by providing guidance on individuals’ roles in society and their relationships with others.

A

caste system

62
Q

As________peoples or Muslim merchants pursued opportunities in India, they gained recognition as distinct groups under the umbrella of the caste system.

A

Turkish

63
Q

What was the word for ‘subcastes’?

A

jati

64
Q

What were merchant/workers’ guilds?

A

Subcastes of workers and merchants organized themselves in powerful guilds to represent their interests. Their wielded economic influence and specialized in particular types of commerce.

65
Q

By the_________th century CE, the caste system had become the principal basis of social organization in southern India.

A

11

66
Q

In 1196, Muslim forces overran the city of_______and ravaged schools where Xuanzang and other foreign pilgrims studies with the world’s leading Buddhist philosophers and theologians.

A

Nalanda

67
Q

Who was Vishnu? What did Vishnu symbolize?

A

One of the most important deities of the Hindu pantheon; Vishnu was the preserver of the world, a god who observed the universe from the heavens and who occasionally entered the world in human form to resist evil or communicate his teachings.

68
Q

What did Shiva symbolize/who was Shiva?

A

Shiva was both a god of fertility and a destructive deity; he brought life but also took it away when its season had passed

69
Q

Hindus embraced new religious cults warmly because they promised_____.

A

Salvation

70
Q

When did religious cults originate in HIndu society?

A

When individuals identified Vishnu or Shiva with a local spirit or deity associated with a particular region or a prominent geographic feature.

71
Q

In the tenth century,________ kings took the dancing Shiva as their family god and spread the cult’s popularity throughout southern India.

A

Chola

72
Q

What were the Upanishads?

A

ancient texts from India that were composed orally in Sanskrit between about 700 B.C.E. and 300 B.C.E.

73
Q

Who was Shankara?

A

An Indian devotee of Shiva who took it upon himself to digest all sacred Hindu writings and harmonize their sometimes contradictory teachings into a single, consistent system of thought.

74
Q

What did Shankara stand for/emphasize?

A

Only by disciplined logical reasoning could human beings understand the ultimate reality of Brahman (the impersonal world-soul of the Upanishads)

75
Q

Who was Ramanuja?

A

A devotee of Vishnu who challenged Shankara’s insistence on logic.

76
Q

What did Ramanuja stand for?

A

His thought reflected the deep influence of devotional cults, believed that intellectual understanding of ultimate reality was less important than personal union with the deity.
- genuine bliss came from salvation and identification of individuals with their gods

77
Q

What text did Ramanuja follow?

A

The “Bhagavad Gita”

78
Q

Why did Islam not initially not appeal to Indians?

A

Often arrived in cultural baggage of conquering peoples
- Muslim conquerors generally reserved important political and military positions for their Arab, Persian, and Turkish companions
- conquerors offered little incentive for Indians to convert to Islam

79
Q

Why did some Indians adopt Islam?

A

In the hopes of improving their positions in society; ex. Hindus of lower castes for example hoped to escape discrimination by converted to a faith that recognized the equality of all believers

80
Q

What was the Bhakti movement?

A

It was a cult of love and devotion that ultimately sought to erase the distinction between Hinduism and Islam

81
Q

Where did the bhakti movement emerge?

A

In southern India during the twelfth century–it originally encouraged traditional piety and devotion to Hindu values

82
Q

Who was a blind weaver who was one of the most famous bhakti teachers. He taught that Shiva, Vishnu, and Allah were all manifestations of a single, universal deity.

A

guru Kabir

83
Q

On the model of India states, southeast Asian adopted________as the principal form of political authority.

A

Kingship

84
Q

What aspects of Indian society did southeast Asian states not adopt?

A
  • didn’t show enthusiasm for caste system
  • continued acknowledging deities and nature spirits that they had venerated fro centuries
85
Q

What aspects of Indian society did southeast Asian states adopt?

A

Ruling elites readily adopted Hinduism and Buddhism because they reinforced the principle of monarchical rule.

86
Q

What was the first state known to have reflected Indian influence?

A

Funan

87
Q

What regions did Funan dominate?

A

lower reaches of Mekong River and parts of Vietnam and Cambodia

88
Q

What was the capital city of Funan?

A

port of Oc Eo

89
Q

How did Funan grow wealthy?

A

Control over Isthmus of Kra (where merchants transported trade goods between China and India) from which they drew enormous wealth

90
Q

What did Funan use its profits for?

A

Constructing elaborate system of water storage and irrigation

91
Q

What is the Sanskrit term for “king”?

A

Raja

92
Q

What language did Funan administrators and bureaucrats conduct business in?

A

Sanskrit

93
Q

How did Funan collapse?

A
  • bitter power struggle weakened Funan internally
  • external attacks from Chams and Kmers dominated region
  • intricate irrigation system fell into ruin
94
Q

On what island was the kingdom of Srivijaya based?

A

Sumatra

95
Q

How did the kingdom of Srivijaya gain its wealth?

A

Levying taxes on ships passing through the region–maintained an all-sea trade route between China and India that eliminated need for crossing Isthmus of Kra

96
Q

How did the kingdom of Srivijaya fall?

A

Chola kingdom eclipsed it in the eleventh century

97
Q

What kingdoms dominated affairs in southeast Asia in the decline of the kingdom of Srivijaya?

A

Kingdoms of Angkor, Singosari, and Majapahit

98
Q

Where was the kingdom of Angkor based?

A

Cambodia

99
Q

Where was the kingdom of Singosari and Majapahit based?

A

Island of Java

100
Q

Where was the kingdom of Srivijaya based

A

Palembang in southern Sumatra

101
Q

Where did the kingdom of Angkor build their capital city

A

Angkor Thom

102
Q

What were the Khmer kings known for?

A

Construction of magnificent monuments and elaborate temples

103
Q

When Marco Polo visited the island of Sumatra, what did he notice?

A

Residents of the towns and cities had converted to Islam, whereas those living in the countryside retained their inherited traditions

104
Q

Who founded the state of Melaka?

A

Paramesvara, a rebellious prince from Sumatra

105
Q

What was Islam like in southeast Asia?

A

Islam didn’t enter southeast Asia as an exclusive faith, ruling elites still honored other traditions and rarely pushed their subjects to convert to Islam—adopted Islam less as an exclusive and absolute creed than as a faith that facilitated their dealings with foreign Muslims and/or provided additional divine sanction (approval, permission) for their rule

ap world history yay (26 decks)

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