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anatomy > chapter 15 > Flashcards

chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

can you list the 5 special sense?

A

vision, hearing, equillibrium, taste, olfaction (smell)

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2
Q

do you know which two special senses are chemical in nature? what classification of receptor would respond to this type of stimulus?

A

taste, and olfaction ( smell)

chemoreceptors

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3
Q

which special senses is our dominant sense?

A

vision

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4
Q

do you know how the eye is protected?

A

bony orbit and fat

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5
Q

can you list the acessory structure for the eye?

A

eyebrows, eyelids (palpebrae), conjuctiva, lacrimal apparatus and extrinsic eye muscles

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6
Q

do you know the function of eyebrows?

A

shades the eyes and routes sweat away from the eye

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7
Q

do you know the anatomical name for eyelids? what are their functions?

A

palpebrae; protection of the eye

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8
Q

do you know the name of the space that separates the upper and lower eyelids?

A

palpebral fissure

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9
Q

do you know the name of the medial and lateral angles of the eyelids?

A

medial and lateral commissures

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10
Q

do you know the function of the lacrimal caruncle? do you know the other name for this sustance?

A

secretes a substance made from oil and sweat glands; sandman’s eyesand

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11
Q

do you know the name of the muscle that gives the upper lid mobility?

A

levator pulpebrae superioris

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12
Q

what are the functions of the eyelids?

A

protection of the eye (by blinking/closing) and by eyelashes trap debris or initiate blinking

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13
Q

do you know the function of the conjunctiva?

A

mucous membrane that lines the eye and lids and lubricates them

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14
Q

do you know what lacrimal refers to?

A

tears

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15
Q

can you list and describe the structures of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

A. Lacrimal Gland- superolateral to the eye; makes and secretes tears
B. Lacrimal Puncta- located upper nad lower lids in the medial canthis; drains tears
C. Lacrimal Canaliculi- drains tears from the puncta into the lacrimal sac
D. Lacrimal Sac- collects tears from the canaliculi and leads them into the nasolacrimal duct
E. Nasolacrimal Duct- drains rears into the nasal cavity

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16
Q

can you trace the path that a tear would follow through the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Lacriamal gland, lacrimal puncta, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct

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17
Q

do you know the function and composition of tears?

A

Tears:
function- lubricate eye, flushes away debris, cleanses and protects the eye
composition- mucus(lubricates), lysozyme and antibody (both fight bacteria)

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18
Q

can you list and describe the 6 extrinsic eye muscles?

A

superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique
* generates tension outside of the eye that helps to maintain the structure of the eye

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19
Q

can you give a general description of the eye?

A

roughly a sphere that is 2.5 cm in diameter. It has anterior and posterior pole and is divided into an anterior and posterior segment (each filled with humor)

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20
Q

can you list, describe, and give function of the three tunics that make up the eye?

A

tunics:
A. fibrous tunic- sclera and cornea. sclera is strong and protective; allows attachment of the muscles to the eye. The cornea is transparent and allows passage of light into the eye
B. Vascular tunic (Uvea)- composed of the choroid, which is pigmented and contains vessels to nourish the eye, cilliary body and iris. The cililary body is responsible for changing the shape of the lens and producing aqueous humor and the iris is responsible for controlling the size of the pupil.
C. Sensory tunic- contains a pigmented layer and a neural layer. The neurons that are stimulated by light are in this layer

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21
Q

can you describe the cililary body and give the function for its components?

A

Components:
A. Cillilary muscle- smooth muscle responsible for changing the shape of the lens
B.Cililary Zonule- small ligaments that attach the ciliary muscle to the lens
C. Cilliary processes- make and secrete aqueous humor

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22
Q

can you describe and give the function for the pupil? How is the size of the structure regulated?

A

the pupil is a hole in the iris that allows light to pass into the eye. The parasympathetic division constricts it and the sympathetic division dilates it

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23
Q

do you know the two layers of the sensory tunic?

A

pigmented and neural layers

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24
Q

what types of cells are in the neural layer?

A

Bipolar neurons
A. photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells
B. Ganglion CN.2

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25
Q

do you know what the ora serrata retinae is ?

A

where the cilliary body meets the retina

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26
Q

do you know what the optic disc is?

A

area in the back of the eye that allows the axons of the ganglion cells to exitand form the optic nerve

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27
Q

do you know the two types of photoreceptors that are in the retina?

A

types:
A. Rods- rod shaped and are stimulated by low light levels; vision is black, white and grayscale when using rods
B. Cones- cone shaped and stimulated by higher levels of light; vison is in color

28
Q

can you describe the macula lutea and the fovea centralis?

A

Macula lutea is the center of the retina that is concentrated with cones. The fovea centralis is the area that has the highest concentration of cones within the macula litea and is located at the posterior pole ( direct center)

29
Q

can you describe the organization of the anterior and posterior segments of the eye?

a. Do you know what fluids are found in these compartments?
b. what is the function of these fluids?

A

the anterior segment is from the cornea to the lens and the posintraterior segment is from the lens to the back of the eye

a. aqueous humor fills the anterior segment and vitreous fills the posterior segment
i. contributes to intraocular pressure and nourishes the eye

30
Q

what structure drans aqueous humor from the anterior segment?

A

scleral venous sinus (canal of schlemm)

31
Q

can you describe the shape , location, and function of the lens?

A

Bi convex structure. It is located between the anterior and posterior segments of the eye and is suspended from the cililiary body by the zonule. Its function is for accomodation (focusing) of light

32
Q

can you diagram the path of indormation from the eye to the brain?

A

optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tract, , optic radiation, visual cortex in the occipital lobe

33
Q

what is the optic chiasma?

A

area where some axons from each optic nerve cross over to the opposite side and become optic tracts

34
Q

do you know what the organ for smell is? where is it located?

A

olfactory epithelia; located on the superior nasal concha of the ethmoid bone in the roof of the nasal cavity

35
Q

can you list and describe the function fro the three types of cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A

cells:
A. Receptor cells- bipolar neurons; contain receptors for smell
B. Supporting cells- pseudostratified epithelia that supports the neirons and may differentiate into neurons to replace damaged/dead ones
C. Basal cells- do mitosis and give rise to new supporting cells

36
Q

do you know what classification of neuron is an olfactory cell?

A

bipolar cell

37
Q

what very special process makes the neurons for smell unique?

A

supporting cells can differentiate into new neurons

38
Q

through what structure do the neurons for smell pass through to meet the olfactory bulb?

A

the olfactory foramina in the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone. ( filaments of cranial nerve 1)

39
Q

what type of cell synapes with the olfactory cells? specifically, in which structure does this synapes occur?

A

Mitral cells; glomeruli of the olfactory bulb

40
Q

what structure in the brain interpets the information for smell? what structure gives us appreciation of smells?

A

uncus in the temporal lobe; The limbic system

41
Q

what is the name for chemicals that cause smell?

A

odorants

42
Q

what do these chemicals require to be able to bind to their receptors on an olfactory cell?

A

a water molecule

43
Q

do you know what structure a taste bud can be found in?

A

Papilla

44
Q

can you list and describe the two forms of papillae in the mouth that have taste buds?

A

types:
A. Fungiform- most numerous. mostly on the tongue; small and contain taste buds
B. Circumvallate- forma a V on the back 2/3 of the tongue; large and contain buds

45
Q

can you list and describe the function of the three types of cells found in the taste bud? what classification of tissue do these cells belong to ?

A

types:
A. Gustatory cells (taste cell)- has hairs that protrude through the pore of the bud and contain receptors for tastants
B. Supporting cells- support the epithelial cells
C. Basal cells- mitosis
D. All three types are epithelia cells

46
Q

what structure receives the message for taste from the bud?

A

nerve endings of cranial nerves 7, 9 and 10

47
Q

do you know what chemicals for taste are called? what do these chemicals require tou be able to bind to their receptors on a gustatory cell?

A

tastants; a water molecule is needed

48
Q

do you know which three cranial nerves are involved in transmitting taste information to the brain?

A

cranial nerves 7. 9 , and 10

49
Q

can you diagram the pathway for taste to the brain?

A

from cranial nerve 7,9, or ten to the pons/midbrain to the thalamus to the gustatory cortex in the insula

50
Q

what structure in the brain interpets the information for taste? what structure gives us appreciation of taste?

A

gustatory cortex; the limbic system

51
Q

how important to taste is smell?

A

very important 80 percent of taste is smell

52
Q

can you name the three parts of the ear?

a. which parts are for hearing and which are for equilibrium?

A

parts:
A. outer/external ear- hearing only
B. middle ear- hearing only
C. inner/internal- hearing and equilibrium

53
Q

do the structures of hearing and equilibrium work together or independently?

A

independently

54
Q

do you know the other name for the middle ear?

A

tympanic cavity

55
Q

in what structure of the cranium is the middle ear located?

A

petrous region of the temporal bone

56
Q

can you give the names for the ossicles and the order in which they vibrate?

A

malleous, incus, stapes

57
Q

can you define bony labyrinth and membranous labryinth?

In what part od the ear are thes structures found?

A

The body labryrinth is a series of tunnels formed inside of the petrous region. It is filled with perilymph. The membranous labryrinth is a series of membrane sacs inside of the labryrinth and is filled with endolymph

58
Q

can you describe the vestibule and list the structures associated with it?

A

chamber of the inner ear; the semicircular canals and the cochlea extend from it

59
Q

what is the function of the cochlea?

A

receives information regarding sound in the form of waves in the fluid inside its chambers

60
Q

can you list and describe the chambers of the cochlea?

which of the chambers are filled with perilymph? endolymph?

A

chambers:
scala vestibule- its floor is the vestibular membrane. It is the superior chamber and is filled with perilymph
scala media- (cochlear duct)its rood is the vestibular membrane and its floor is the basilar membrane; it is the middle chamber is filled with endolymph and contains the organ of corti
scala tympani- its rood is the basilar membrane it is the inferior chamber and is filled with perilymph

61
Q

do you know the floor and roof of the cochlear?

A

roof- vestibular membrane

floor- basilar membrane

62
Q

what is the name of the organ for hearing? can you list the three types of cells found in this structure

A

organ of corti, receptor cells, supporting cells ells

63
Q

do you know the name of the membrane in which the hairs of the hairs cells for hearing are embedded?

A

tectorial membrane

64
Q

the hair cells hearing would pass information to which nerve? this nerve is a branch of which nerve?

A

cochlear nerve; CN 8

65
Q

can you define vestibular apparatus?

A

the vestibule apparatus includes the structures involved in equilibrium- utricle and saccule inside the vestibule and the semicircular canals

66
Q

can you describe the macula?

A

the macula is a pad of epithelia cells with a membran called the otolithic membrane over it. It is located within the utricle and saccule of the vestibule

67
Q

can you describe and give function of the otolithic membrane?

A

a gel like membrane with calcium carbonate crystals called otiliths embedded in it. Its function is to activate the hairs of the receptors cells when the membran slides with the movement of the head

anatomy (3 decks)

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