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Flashcards in Chapter 15 Deck (150)
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1
Q

In comparison with the nervous system the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are

A

Rapid to appear but short-lived

2
Q

What are characteristics of the endocrine system

A

Chemical messenger travels a short distance. Effector tissues include virtually all tissues. Receptors are located on the plasma membrane or within the target cell.

3
Q

Which hormone targets other endocrine glands and stimulates the growth and secretion?

A

Target cells

4
Q

Why are steroids able to pass easily through a target cells plasma?

A

Because they are a lipid soluble

5
Q

What is it called when a small amount of 111 allows a second hormone to have a full effect?

A

Permissiveness

6
Q

The compound that is referred to as a tissue hormone is:

A

Prostaglandin

7
Q

What do the nervous system and endocrine system use to send a messages?

A

They use chemicals to send messages

8
Q

What does the nervous and endocrine system need to function?

A

The receiving cells must have a cracked type of receptors

9
Q

The nervous and endocrine systems can be seen as one system called:

A

The Nuroendocrine system

10
Q

The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from where

A

Anterior pituitary

11
Q

What are the hormones secreted by the endocrine system classified as?

A

Steroid or non-steroid hormones

12
Q

Where are all the steroid hormones to derived from?

A

Cholesterol

13
Q

What happens when a hormone attaches to a target cell?

A

Protein synthesis is initiated, it can open or close ion channels, and it can activate certain enzymes in the cell.

14
Q

What does down regulation referred to?

A

The movement of regulating hormones from the hypothalamus down to the pituitary gland.

15
Q

How is synergism in hormone activity defined?

A

To hormones working together to enhance each other’s impact on a target cell.

16
Q

What are the hormones that regulate activity in the secreting cell called?

A

Autocrine hormones

17
Q

What is referred to as the master gland?

A

Pituitary gland

18
Q

Where is the stymyn gland?

A

Hypothalamus

19
Q

What do gonadotrophs secrete?

A

LH & FSH

20
Q

The ovarian follicle grows because of what hormone?

A

FSH

21
Q

Prolactin affects what?

A

Milk secretion

22
Q

Which hormones are produced by the hypothalamus to control the adenohypothysis?

A

Releasing hormones

23
Q

Where is oxytocin produced?

A

In the hypothalamus

24
Q

The neurohypophysis serves as a storage and release site for:

A

ADH and oxytocin

25
Q

What has the opposite effect of parathyroid hormone?

A

Calcitonin

26
Q

Parathyroid hormone increases calcium absorption in the intestines by activating what?

A

Vitamin D

27
Q

What depends on maintaining normal levels of calcium in the blood?

A

Blood clotting, cell membrane, and neuromuscular excitability.

28
Q

What is a hormone that causes ejection of milk into the mammary duct?

A

Oxytocin

29
Q

What planned can be associated with an abnormally high metabolic rate?

A

Thyroid gland

30
Q

What do glucorticoids do?

A

Stress causes the release, they are hyperglycemic, and they stimulate gluconeogenesis.

31
Q

Where is epinephrine secreted from?

A

The adrenal medulla

32
Q

What gland service in both exocrine and endocrine capacity?

A

The pancreas

33
Q

What tends to increase blood glucose concentration?

A

Glucagon

34
Q

What do beta cells produce?

A

Insulin

35
Q

What promotes metabolism of glucose by tissue cells?

A

Insulin

36
Q

What tends to lower blood concentrations of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids?

A

Insulin

37
Q

What is the major hormone produced by the corpus luteum?

A

Progesterone

38
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin is produced by the?

A

Placenta

39
Q

Thymosin plays a role in what?

A

Immunity

40
Q

One of the few hormones that functions on a positive feedback is:

A

Oxytocin

41
Q

High levels of what hormone in the body would indicate a pregnancy?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hGC)

42
Q

Which hormone stimulates uterine contractions?

A

Oxytocin

43
Q

Which hormone promotes the entry of glucose into tissue cells?

A

Insulin

44
Q

What is a cell with receptors for a specific hormone?

A

Target cell

45
Q

What is it called when a small amount of one hormone allows another hormone to have its full effect?

A

Permissiveness

46
Q

What usually requires a second messenger to function?

A

A non-steroid hormone

47
Q

What uses the mobile receptor model to function?

A

Steroid hormone

48
Q

What is sometimes called a tissue hormones?

A

Prostaglandin

49
Q

What is it called when one hormone has the opposite effect of another hormone?

A

Antagonism

50
Q

What is cAMP an example of?

A

Second messenger

51
Q

Increasing the number of receptors on a target cell:

A

Upregulation

52
Q

What is a hormone that targets another endocrine gland?

A

Tropic hormones

53
Q

What is it called when the combination of hormones have a greater effect than the sum of the effects of the two hormones separately?

A

Synergism

54
Q

Alpha cells produce what?

A

Glucagon

55
Q

What is the calcium regulating hormones that is made in the thyroid gland?

A

Calcitonin

56
Q

What is the only important mineral corticoid hormone in humans?

A

Aldosterone

57
Q

What is a hormone that is produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas?

A

Glucagon

58
Q

What is the hormone that regulates metabolism, processes of cell growth, and tissue differentiation?

A

Thyroid hormone

59
Q

What is the hormone that causes an increase in calcium levels?

A

Parathyroid hormone

60
Q

What is a hormone that lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood?

A

Insulin

61
Q

What is a hormone that is made by fetal tissue component of the placenta?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

62
Q

What do both the nervous system and endocrine system do?

A

Influence cellular activities

63
Q

What type of hormones target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion?

A

Tropic

64
Q

What is the complex process for each hormone receptor interaction produces different regulatory changes within the target cell?

A

Signal transduction

65
Q

What is the model of signal transduction that steroids produce?

A

Mobile receptor model

66
Q

What type of hormones are not very soluble in the blood and thus must be taken to their target cells by carrier model molecules?

A

Steroids

67
Q

What place in important role in regulating blood pressure and metabolism and are involved in information and fever?

A

Prostaglandins

68
Q

And what mode of signal transduction does the foreman easily pass through the plasma membrane?

A

Mobile receptor model

69
Q

What are a unique group of lipids that act as a local hormones?

A

Prostaglandins

70
Q

What are four types of non-steroid hormones?

A

Proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, and amino acid derivatives

71
Q

What are four things that the prostaglandins do?

A

Metabolism, bodily functions, inflammation, and regulate blood pressure

72
Q

What are the two models of signal transduction?

A

Mobile receptor model and second messengers model

73
Q

Where are estrogen and progesterone produced?

A

Ovaries

74
Q

Where is ghrelin produced?

A

Gastric and intestinal mucosa

75
Q

Where is calcitonin, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine produced?

A

thyroid gland

76
Q

Where is melatonin produced?

A

Pineal gland

77
Q

Where is the atrial natriuretic hormone produced?

A

The heart

78
Q

Where is oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone produced?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

79
Q

Where is corticosteroid steroids and catecholamines means produced?

A

Adrenal glands

80
Q

Where is the growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone produced ?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

81
Q

Where are androgens produced?

A

Testes

82
Q

Where is the parathyroid hormone produced

A

parathyroid

83
Q

Where is somatostatin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, and insulin produced?

A

The pancreas

84
Q

Where is the human chorionic gonadotropin produced?

A

The placenta

85
Q

What hormone targets bone and muscle?

A

GH

86
Q

What hormone targets the hypothalamus?

A

Ghrelin

87
Q

What hormone targets the ovaries?

A

ADH & hCG antidiuretic and human chorionic gonadotropin

88
Q

What hormone targets the breasts?

A

Prolactin

89
Q

What hormone targets bone in kidney?

A

PTH parathyroid hormone

90
Q

What hormone targets bone?

A

Calcitonin

91
Q

What hormone target breasts and uterus?

A

Oxytocin

92
Q

What hormone targets ovaries and testes?

A

FSH & LH

93
Q

What hormone targets the cortex of the adrenal gland?

A

ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone

94
Q

What hormone targets the thyroid?

A

TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone

95
Q

What hormone targets the uterus?

A

Progesterone

96
Q

What hormone targets the kidney?

A

ANH & ADH atrial natriuretic hormone & antidiuretic hormone

97
Q

Which hormone influences digestion?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

98
Q

Which hormone stimulates ovaries to secrete progesterone?

A

hCG human chorionic gonadotropin

99
Q

Which hormone regulates the endocrine cells of the pancreas?

A

Somatostatin hormone

100
Q

Which hormone stimulates the hypothalamus to increase appetite?

A

Ghrelin hormone

101
Q

Which hormone stimulates growth of muscle and bone?

A

Testosterone

102
Q

Which hormone helps develop immune system?

A

Thymosin

103
Q

Which hormone promotes loss of sodium in urine?

A

ANH atrial natriuretic hormone

104
Q

Which hormone maintains the lining of the uterus?

A

Progesterone

105
Q

Which hormone stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver?

A

Glucagon

106
Q

Which hormone prepares the lining of the uterus?

A

Estrogen

107
Q

Which hormone moves glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids out of the blood and into the cells?

A

Insulin

108
Q

Which hormone contracts the uterus and ejects milk?

A

Oxytocin

109
Q

Which hormone reabsorbs calcium from the kidney and increases bone break down?

A

PTH Parathyroid hormone

110
Q

Which hormone helps with breast development and milk production?

A

Prolactin

111
Q

Which hormone does Gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucocorticoids

112
Q

Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption in the kidney?

A

Aldosterone

113
Q

Which hormone causes the secretion of T3 and T4?

A

TSH tyroid stimulating hormone

114
Q

Which hormone increases bone formation and inhibits bone break down?

A

Calcitonin

115
Q

Which hormone regulates metabolism?

A

T3 and T4

116
Q

Secretion of hormones of adrenal cortex

A

ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone

117
Q

Which hormone Promotes body growth?

A

GH growth hormone

118
Q

Which hormone stimulates corpus luteum to release progesterone and testes to secrete testosterone?

A

LH luteinizing hormone

119
Q

Reabsorption of water from kidney

A

ADH Anti-diuretic hormone

120
Q

Release of egg in development of sperm

A

FSH Follicle stimulating hormone

121
Q

What hormone keeps woman pregnant

A

Progesterone

Estrogen get women ready to be pregnant

122
Q

Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

ADH

123
Q

What carries blood from the hypothalamus directly to the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

124
Q

LH & FSH are called

A

Gonadotrophins

125
Q

What directly regulates the secretions of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

126
Q

ADH is also called

A

Vasopressin

127
Q

What are non-steroid hormones called catecholamines?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

128
Q

What hormones increase when sunlight is absent?

A

Melatonin

129
Q

What gland is in the mediastinum?

A

Thymus

130
Q

What are six hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

GH, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, PRL

131
Q

What are the three types of hormones produced by the adrenal glands?

A

Glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids and mineral corticoids

132
Q

What are the four types of endocrine cells of the pancreatic islets?

A

F cells, alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells

133
Q

What do F cells produce?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

134
Q

What do alpha cells produce?

A

Glucagon

135
Q

What do Beta cells produce?

A

Insulin

136
Q

What do Delta cells produce?

A

Somatostatin

137
Q

The temperature required for sperm production is about how much below normal body temperature?

A

3° C

138
Q

The opening of the urethra at the tip of the glands is called what?

A

External urinary meatus

139
Q

What is the male gland that secretes a fructose sugar used as an energy source for sperm?

A

Seminal vesicle, it secretes the majority of the viscous fluid (60%) and it’s sweet.

140
Q

How many spermatids one by one primary spermatocyte?

A

4

141
Q

What does FSH do and where is it produced?

A

It is produced in the anterior pituitary gland, it increases the production of sperm, and it’s secretion is inhibited by high Testosterone levels.

142
Q

What stimulates the secretion of testosterone

A

LH

143
Q

What makes testosterone?

A

ICSH

144
Q

What contains prostaglandins, is alkaline and viscous, and contains fructose as an energy source for sperm cells?

A

The fluid produced by the seminal vesicles

145
Q

Functional sterility results when the sperm count per milliliter falls below how much?

A

25 million

146
Q

What term means hidden testis?

A

Cryptorchidism

147
Q

And now perineum extends from the pubis anteriorly to what structure posteriorly?

A

Coccyx

148
Q

What is the main advantage of sexual reproduction over a sexual reproduction?

A

There is a greater diversity in the offspring

149
Q

What is the tube connecting the ovary to the uterus called?

A

Uterine tubes, fallopian tubes , and Oviducts

150
Q

What is the fundus of the uterus?

A

The area above where the tubes enter