In comparison with the nervous system the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are
Rapid to appear but short-lived
What are characteristics of the endocrine system
Chemical messenger travels a short distance. Effector tissues include virtually all tissues. Receptors are located on the plasma membrane or within the target cell.
Which hormone targets other endocrine glands and stimulates the growth and secretion?
Target cells
Why are steroids able to pass easily through a target cells plasma?
Because they are a lipid soluble
What is it called when a small amount of 111 allows a second hormone to have a full effect?
Permissiveness
The compound that is referred to as a tissue hormone is:
Prostaglandin
What do the nervous system and endocrine system use to send a messages?
They use chemicals to send messages
What does the nervous and endocrine system need to function?
The receiving cells must have a cracked type of receptors
The nervous and endocrine systems can be seen as one system called:
The Nuroendocrine system
The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from where
Anterior pituitary
What are the hormones secreted by the endocrine system classified as?
Steroid or non-steroid hormones
Where are all the steroid hormones to derived from?
Cholesterol
What happens when a hormone attaches to a target cell?
Protein synthesis is initiated, it can open or close ion channels, and it can activate certain enzymes in the cell.
What does down regulation referred to?
The movement of regulating hormones from the hypothalamus down to the pituitary gland.
How is synergism in hormone activity defined?
To hormones working together to enhance each other’s impact on a target cell.
What are the hormones that regulate activity in the secreting cell called?
Autocrine hormones
What is referred to as the master gland?
Pituitary gland
Where is the stymyn gland?
Hypothalamus
What do gonadotrophs secrete?
LH & FSH
The ovarian follicle grows because of what hormone?
FSH
Prolactin affects what?
Milk secretion
Which hormones are produced by the hypothalamus to control the adenohypothysis?
Releasing hormones
Where is oxytocin produced?
In the hypothalamus
The neurohypophysis serves as a storage and release site for:
ADH and oxytocin
What has the opposite effect of parathyroid hormone?
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone increases calcium absorption in the intestines by activating what?
Vitamin D
What depends on maintaining normal levels of calcium in the blood?
Blood clotting, cell membrane, and neuromuscular excitability.
What is a hormone that causes ejection of milk into the mammary duct?
Oxytocin
What planned can be associated with an abnormally high metabolic rate?
Thyroid gland
What do glucorticoids do?
Stress causes the release, they are hyperglycemic, and they stimulate gluconeogenesis.
Where is epinephrine secreted from?
The adrenal medulla
What gland service in both exocrine and endocrine capacity?
The pancreas
What tends to increase blood glucose concentration?
Glucagon
What do beta cells produce?
Insulin
What promotes metabolism of glucose by tissue cells?
Insulin
What tends to lower blood concentrations of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids?
Insulin
What is the major hormone produced by the corpus luteum?
Progesterone
Human chorionic gonadotropin is produced by the?
Placenta
Thymosin plays a role in what?
Immunity
One of the few hormones that functions on a positive feedback is:
Oxytocin
High levels of what hormone in the body would indicate a pregnancy?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hGC)
Which hormone stimulates uterine contractions?
Oxytocin
Which hormone promotes the entry of glucose into tissue cells?
Insulin
What is a cell with receptors for a specific hormone?
Target cell
What is it called when a small amount of one hormone allows another hormone to have its full effect?
Permissiveness
What usually requires a second messenger to function?
A non-steroid hormone
What uses the mobile receptor model to function?
Steroid hormone
What is sometimes called a tissue hormones?
Prostaglandin
What is it called when one hormone has the opposite effect of another hormone?
Antagonism
What is cAMP an example of?
Second messenger
Increasing the number of receptors on a target cell:
Upregulation
What is a hormone that targets another endocrine gland?
Tropic hormones
What is it called when the combination of hormones have a greater effect than the sum of the effects of the two hormones separately?
Synergism
Alpha cells produce what?
Glucagon
What is the calcium regulating hormones that is made in the thyroid gland?
Calcitonin
What is the only important mineral corticoid hormone in humans?
Aldosterone
What is a hormone that is produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas?
Glucagon
What is the hormone that regulates metabolism, processes of cell growth, and tissue differentiation?
Thyroid hormone
What is the hormone that causes an increase in calcium levels?
Parathyroid hormone
What is a hormone that lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood?
Insulin
What is a hormone that is made by fetal tissue component of the placenta?
Human chorionic gonadotropin
What do both the nervous system and endocrine system do?
Influence cellular activities
What type of hormones target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion?
Tropic
What is the complex process for each hormone receptor interaction produces different regulatory changes within the target cell?
Signal transduction
What is the model of signal transduction that steroids produce?
Mobile receptor model
What type of hormones are not very soluble in the blood and thus must be taken to their target cells by carrier model molecules?
Steroids
What place in important role in regulating blood pressure and metabolism and are involved in information and fever?
Prostaglandins
And what mode of signal transduction does the foreman easily pass through the plasma membrane?
Mobile receptor model
What are a unique group of lipids that act as a local hormones?
Prostaglandins
What are four types of non-steroid hormones?
Proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, and amino acid derivatives
What are four things that the prostaglandins do?
Metabolism, bodily functions, inflammation, and regulate blood pressure
What are the two models of signal transduction?
Mobile receptor model and second messengers model
Where are estrogen and progesterone produced?
Ovaries
Where is ghrelin produced?
Gastric and intestinal mucosa
Where is calcitonin, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine produced?
thyroid gland
Where is melatonin produced?
Pineal gland
Where is the atrial natriuretic hormone produced?
The heart
Where is oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone produced?
Posterior pituitary gland
Where is corticosteroid steroids and catecholamines means produced?
Adrenal glands
Where is the growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone produced ?
Anterior pituitary gland
Where are androgens produced?
Testes
Where is the parathyroid hormone produced
parathyroid
Where is somatostatin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, and insulin produced?
The pancreas
Where is the human chorionic gonadotropin produced?
The placenta
What hormone targets bone and muscle?
GH
What hormone targets the hypothalamus?
Ghrelin
What hormone targets the ovaries?
ADH & hCG antidiuretic and human chorionic gonadotropin
What hormone targets the breasts?
Prolactin
What hormone targets bone in kidney?
PTH parathyroid hormone
What hormone targets bone?
Calcitonin
What hormone target breasts and uterus?
Oxytocin
What hormone targets ovaries and testes?
FSH & LH
What hormone targets the cortex of the adrenal gland?
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
What hormone targets the thyroid?
TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone
What hormone targets the uterus?
Progesterone
What hormone targets the kidney?
ANH & ADH atrial natriuretic hormone & antidiuretic hormone
Which hormone influences digestion?
Pancreatic polypeptide
Which hormone stimulates ovaries to secrete progesterone?
hCG human chorionic gonadotropin
Which hormone regulates the endocrine cells of the pancreas?
Somatostatin hormone
Which hormone stimulates the hypothalamus to increase appetite?
Ghrelin hormone
Which hormone stimulates growth of muscle and bone?
Testosterone
Which hormone helps develop immune system?
Thymosin
Which hormone promotes loss of sodium in urine?
ANH atrial natriuretic hormone
Which hormone maintains the lining of the uterus?
Progesterone
Which hormone stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver?
Glucagon
Which hormone prepares the lining of the uterus?
Estrogen
Which hormone moves glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids out of the blood and into the cells?
Insulin
Which hormone contracts the uterus and ejects milk?
Oxytocin
Which hormone reabsorbs calcium from the kidney and increases bone break down?
PTH Parathyroid hormone
Which hormone helps with breast development and milk production?
Prolactin
Which hormone does Gluconeogenesis?
Glucocorticoids
Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption in the kidney?
Aldosterone
Which hormone causes the secretion of T3 and T4?
TSH tyroid stimulating hormone
Which hormone increases bone formation and inhibits bone break down?
Calcitonin
Which hormone regulates metabolism?
T3 and T4
Secretion of hormones of adrenal cortex
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
Which hormone Promotes body growth?
GH growth hormone
Which hormone stimulates corpus luteum to release progesterone and testes to secrete testosterone?
LH luteinizing hormone
Reabsorption of water from kidney
ADH Anti-diuretic hormone
Release of egg in development of sperm
FSH Follicle stimulating hormone
What hormone keeps woman pregnant
Progesterone
Estrogen get women ready to be pregnant
Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary gland?
ADH
What carries blood from the hypothalamus directly to the anterior pituitary gland?
Hypophyseal portal system
LH & FSH are called
Gonadotrophins
What directly regulates the secretions of the anterior pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
ADH is also called
Vasopressin
What are non-steroid hormones called catecholamines?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
What hormones increase when sunlight is absent?
Melatonin
What gland is in the mediastinum?
Thymus
What are six hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland?
GH, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, PRL
What are the three types of hormones produced by the adrenal glands?
Glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids and mineral corticoids
What are the four types of endocrine cells of the pancreatic islets?
F cells, alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells
What do F cells produce?
Pancreatic polypeptide
What do alpha cells produce?
Glucagon
What do Beta cells produce?
Insulin
What do Delta cells produce?
Somatostatin
The temperature required for sperm production is about how much below normal body temperature?
3° C
The opening of the urethra at the tip of the glands is called what?
External urinary meatus
What is the male gland that secretes a fructose sugar used as an energy source for sperm?
Seminal vesicle, it secretes the majority of the viscous fluid (60%) and it’s sweet.
How many spermatids one by one primary spermatocyte?
4
What does FSH do and where is it produced?
It is produced in the anterior pituitary gland, it increases the production of sperm, and it’s secretion is inhibited by high Testosterone levels.
What stimulates the secretion of testosterone
LH
What makes testosterone?
ICSH
What contains prostaglandins, is alkaline and viscous, and contains fructose as an energy source for sperm cells?
The fluid produced by the seminal vesicles
Functional sterility results when the sperm count per milliliter falls below how much?
25 million
What term means hidden testis?
Cryptorchidism
And now perineum extends from the pubis anteriorly to what structure posteriorly?
Coccyx
What is the main advantage of sexual reproduction over a sexual reproduction?
There is a greater diversity in the offspring
What is the tube connecting the ovary to the uterus called?
Uterine tubes, fallopian tubes , and Oviducts
What is the fundus of the uterus?
The area above where the tubes enter