Chapter 16

Question 1

General Aggression Model

Answer 1

relies on cognitive variables. to explain aggressive reactions

Question 2

Steps in GAM

Answer 2

1. social encounter with potential to trigger aggression occurs
2. personal + siutational factors influence brain
3. hostile thoughts, emotions, and aggression scripts arise/are cured
4. appraisal + decisions are made
5. Either thoughtful or impulsive actions occur

Question 3

behaviour scripts

Answer 3

ways to act that we’ve previously learned or practiced

Question 4

What would make some people more prone to make hostile associations with situations they encounter?

Answer 4

prior exposure/experiences and having already acted out associated scripts

Question 5

Name two things aggressive cognition influences

Answer 5

• behaviour scripts
• interpretation of events

Question 6

reactive aggression

Answer 6

focus on angry + aggressive some boys respond to even mild frustrations or provaocations

Question 7

Example of reactive aggression?

Answer 7

reaction to mild teasing with a punch

Question 8

How did psychologists study reactive aggression?

Answer 8

presented boys with a series of hypothetical situations. Found that boys with history of reactive aggression were more likely to see acts as intentional/hostile than non-aggressive boys

Question 9

When should interference with aggression building begin?

Answer 9

as young as possible

Question 10

Which gender recalls personal events better?

Answer 10

women

Question 11

Which gender recalls impersonal information better?

Answer 11

men

Question 12

Which gender pays more attention to emotions of themselves and other from an early age? What does this lead to?

Answer 12

women
higher likelihood to encode information about themselves in terms of emotions + organize memories around memories

Question 13

Which gender can recall childhood memories better, regardless of age?

Answer 13

women

Question 14

Independent self-construals

Answer 14

self-concept is unrelated to cognitive representations they have for others (men)

Question 15

interdependent self-construals

Answer 15

self-concept is highly related to cognitive representations they have of others + their relationships with these people

Question 16

Which gender is more likely to define themselves in terms of their relationships?

Answer 16

women

Question 17

Describe the cognition of a depressed person

Answer 17

more easily to remember sad experiences
difficulty keeping from constantly generating depressing thoughts
rumination
tendency to dwell

Question 18

Depressive Cognitive Triad

Answer 18

1. negative thoughts about self
2. higher pessimism about future
3. interpretation of ongoing experiences in negative manner

Question 19

negative schema

Answer 19

cogntive structure containing memories about and associations with depressing events + thoughts

Question 20

attributional style

Answer 20

how people attribute explanations of experiences

Question 21

negative cognitive style

Answer 21

individuals who tend to attribute their problems to stable + global/widespread causes
tendency to anticipate the most dreadful consequences
related to depression susceptibility

Question 22

When is aggression most likely?

Answer 22

situation includes provocation, frustation, or encouragement to act violently

Question 23

how does aggression begin according to the general aggression model?

Answer 23

Aggression begins with a social encounter that has the potential to trigger aggression

Question 24

hostile associations across people

Answer 24

Some people are more prone to make hostile associations with situations they encounter than others

Question 24

automatic aggression and behavioural scripts

Answer 24

• A lot of aggression takes place in an automatic or impulsive manner
• In these cases, highly accessible aggressive scripts can be particularly dangerous