chapter 16

Question 1

What is the organization and function of the autonomic nervous system compared to the somatic nervous system?

Answer 1

The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions, while the somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements.

Question 2

What are the structures and functions of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 2

The sympathetic division includes chain ganglia, collateral ganglia, and the adrenal medulla, which prepare the body for ‘fight or flight’ responses.

Question 3

What are the structures and functions of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 3

The parasympathetic division includes craniosacral structures that promote ‘rest and digest’ activities.

Question 4

What are the general functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Answer 4

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action, while the parasympathetic nervous system promotes relaxation and recovery.

Question 5

What are visceral reflexes?

Answer 5

Visceral reflexes are automatic responses involving internal organs, which can be short or long in their pathways.

Question 6

What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 6

Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

The sympathetic division is often referred to as the thoracolumbar division, while the parasympathetic division is known as the craniosacral division.

Question 7

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the ‘fight or flight’ response?

Answer 7

Sympathetic division

This division prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations.

Question 8

What is the primary function of the parasympathetic division?

Answer 8

To promote ‘rest and digest’ activities

This division conserves energy and restores the body to a state of calm.

Question 9

What are chain ganglia in the sympathetic division?

Answer 9

Clusters of nerve cell bodies located along the spinal cord

They are part of the sympathetic ganglia that help relay signals.

Question 10

What is the role of collateral ganglia in the sympathetic division?

Answer 10

To innervate organs in the abdominal and pelvic cavities

These ganglia are located away from the spinal cord.

Question 11

What is the function of the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic division?

Answer 11

To release hormones such as adrenaline

This release enhances the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 12

What are visceral reflexes?

Answer 12

Reflexes that involve internal organs

They can be short or long reflexes, depending on the pathway taken.

Question 13

Define short visceral reflexes.

Answer 13

Reflexes that do not involve the brain

They typically involve a simple pathway from sensory neuron to spinal cord and back.

Question 14

Define long visceral reflexes.

Answer 14

Reflexes that involve the brain in addition to the spinal cord

They allow for more complex responses to stimuli.

Question 15

Compare the general functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Answer 15

Sympathetic: prepares for action; Parasympathetic: conserves energy

They work in opposition to maintain homeostasis.

Question 16

The sympathetic division is also known as the _______.

Answer 16

Thoracolumbar division

This name is derived from the origin of its nerves in the thoracic and lumbar regions.

Question 17

The parasympathetic division is also known as the _______.

Answer 17

Craniosacral division

This name is derived from the origin of its nerves in the brain and sacral region.

Question 18

What are the major types of ganglia in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 18

Collateral ganglia

These ganglia are part of the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 19

What neurotransmitter is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 19

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine is primarily released during stress responses.

Question 20

What is the function of the vagus nerve?

Answer 20

Regulates heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate

The vagus nerve is a key component of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 21

What are the main differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Answer 21

Sympathetic: fight or flight; Parasympathetic: rest and digest

These systems have opposing effects on the body’s functions.

Question 22

Define autonomic tone.

Answer 22

The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity

Autonomic tone influences the body’s response to stress and relaxation.

Question 23

What are the two types of reflexes in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 23

Short reflexes, Long reflexes

Short reflexes are integrated in the ganglia, while long reflexes involve the central nervous system.

Question 24

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?

Answer 24

Memory consolidation

The hippocampus is crucial for converting short-term memories into long-term memories.

Question 25

What does the term 'RIS' refer to?

Answer 25

Reticular Activating System ## Footnote The RIS is involved in regulating wakefulness and sleep cycles.

Question 26

What are the stages of sleep?

Answer 26

Deep sleep, REM sleep ## Footnote REM sleep is associated with dreaming and memory processing.

Question 27

True or False: Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder that affects movement and cognitive function.

Answer 27

True ## Footnote Huntington's disease is caused by a mutation in the HTT gene.

Question 28

What are the mechanisms of parasympathetic neurotransmitter release?

Answer 28

Parasympathetic neurotransmitter release involves the release of acetylcholine at target organs and tissues.

Question 29

What are the effects of parasympathetic neurotransmitter release on the body?

Answer 29

Effects include decreased heart rate, increased digestive activity, and relaxation of sphincters.

Question 30

Compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in terms of function.

Answer 30

Sympathetic: prepares body for 'fight or flight'; Parasympathetic: promotes 'rest and digest' functions.

Question 31

What is dual innervation in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 31

Dual innervation refers to the phenomenon where most organs receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Question 32

What is autonomic tone?

Answer 32

Autonomic tone is the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity at rest.

Question 33

Describe the hierarchy of interacting levels of control in the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 33

The hierarchy includes higher brain centers, autonomic centers in the brainstem, and spinal cord reflexes.

Question 34

What is the significance of visceral reflexes in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 34

Visceral reflexes help maintain homeostasis by regulating organ function in response to internal changes.

Question 35

where are the preganglionic neurons located

Answer 35

spinal segments t1 - l2

Question 36

Most sympathetic ganglionic neurons what do they release and what are they called

Answer 36

Release NE at varicosities Called adrenergic neurons

Question 37

Some ganglionic neurons release ACh where are they located, what are they called

Answer 37

Called cholinergic neurons Located in body wall, skin, brain, and skeletal muscles

Question 38

Effects of sympathetic stimulation what the interactions with receptors, and what do they stimulate

Answer 38

1. Result primarily from interactions of NE and E with adrenergic membrane receptors * Alpha receptors * Beta receptors * NE stimulates alpha receptors to greater degree than it does beta receptors * E stimulates both classes of receptors

Question 39

Majority of sympathetic postganglionic fibers release NE (adrenergic) what does NA relaese and what is the other effect as

Answer 39

Stimulate sweat glands and dilate blood vessels of skeletal muscles and brain Nitroxidergic synapses Neurons innervate smooth muscles in blood vessel walls (e.g., in skeletal muscles and brain) Produce vasodilation and increased blood flow

Question 40

automactic tone what do they have,

Answer 40

* Autonomic motor neurons have resting level of activity, * nerves maintain background level of activity, they can increase or decrease activity