Chapter 16 Nonspecific immunity Flashcards
(42 cards)
Know the basic differences between innate and adaptive immunity.
innate immunity – what we are born with/ always working/ is non-specific
adaptive immunity – what we gain as we encounter pathogens/ specific immunity / more powerful/ not always working – takes several days to initiate
Does first line innate immunity involve the activation of immune cells or immune proteins?
no
Know many examples of first line innate immunity and be able to classify as chemical or physical.
- physical barriers: (skin, urine, nose hairs, saliva, ciliary escalator, vomiting/diarrhea)
- chemical barriers: lysozyme, HCL, histatin, sebum, protease pepsin
Know which immune cells are derived from the myeloid stem cell.
RBC, megakaryocyte, mast cell, eosinophil, basophils, neutrophil, platelets
what 3 innate immune cells that are the common phagocytes.
Neutrophils
macrophages
dendritic cells
Which of these immune cells is known as the ‘best’ phagocyte?
macrophages
What are TLRs? How do TLRs assist with immune defenses?
Toll-like receptors found on surface of neutrophils
- recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which are found only on pathogens. Makes neutrophils able to recognize non-self from self
What type of microorganism is specifically targeted by eosinophils?
Large target organisms
How are basophils and mast cells similar? Conversely, how are basophils and mast cells different?
Both contain granules that contain signaling molecules that promote immune response
Basophils are found floating in blood while mast cells are found stationary within tissue
Which cell type found in the blood can become a macrophage?
monocytes
How is a fixed macrophage different from a free macrophage?
Fixed macrophage (embedded within tissue – brain, skin, lungs)
Free macrophage (roam tissue and gather at infection sites
What is a natural killer cell? How is it different than the other innate cells?
Granulocyte aimed at killing abnormal host cells (virus-infected and cancerous)
other innate immune cells are aimed at causing bacterial death
How do perforin and granzymes kill target cells?
Perforin – creates holes in host cell (causing lysis)
Granzymes – causes apoptosis (programmed cell death)
What is the basic function of a dendritic cell?
Primary antigen presenting cell - after phagocytosis it migrates towards immune organs in order to present antigen to immune cells there
How are inactive complement proteins activated?
in response to foreign cells by means of antibodies or lectin cause activation of C3 protein in complement which then activates cascade
Which organ produces complement proteins?
liver
What are the shorthand terms for the two activated complement fragments?
C3a and C3b
Which specific complement protein is at the end of the activation cascade?
C9
What are the 3 immune responses that occur after the complement activation?
opsonization
inflammation
cytolysis
How does opsonization work?
C3b attaches to foreign cell which improves phagocytosis
how does inflammation work?
caused by C3a signaling mast cells to activate inflammation
how does cytolysis work?
caused by membrane attack complex forming giant holes in foreign cell
What is the end result when the complement cascade from C3 to C9 is completed?
Cytolysis caused by membrane attack complex
Which cell releases interferon alpha?
virus infected host cell
