Chapter 16-Oceans and Coastal Systems

Question 1

What body of water is smaller than an ocean, is associated with a landmass, and can be a large, inland, saline water body like the Black Sea?

Answer 1

sea

Question 2

What is seawater?

Answer 2

solution

Question 3

Dissolved solids; most natural elements and compounds that are found in the sea describes what?

Answer 3

solutes

Question 4

Besides water, what are the primary elements in the ocean?

Answer 4

Cl and Na

Question 5

Concentration of dissolved solids (amount of dissolved solids/volume) describes what?

Answer 5

salinity

Question 6

What often occurs near landmasses because of freshwater runoff and river discharges?

Answer 6

brackish

Question 7

What is associated with high evaporation rates in a nearly enclosed basin?

Answer 7

brine

Question 8

What is the lowest near the poles, peaks near the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, and dips near the equator?

Answer 8

sea surface salinity

Question 9

What is the lowest near the poles and highest at the equator?

Answer 9

temperature

Question 10

The surface mixing zone, thermocline transition zone, and ocean deep cold zone, make up what?

Answer 10

ocean’s physical structure

Question 11

What is the top layer in the ocean’s physical structure?

Answer 11

surface mixing zone

Question 12

What layer in the ocean’s physical structure that constitutes 2% of the ocean mass/volume?

Answer 12

surface mixing zone

Question 13

What layer in the ocean’s physical structure is warmed by the sun, wind-driven, and well-mixed?

Answer 13

surface mixing zone

Question 14

What layer in the ocean’s physical structure has wastes dumped into the ocean that will be slowly diluted?

Answer 14

surface mixing zone

Question 15

What layer in the ocean’s physical structure is below the mixing layer to about 1000 m in depth?

Answer 15

thermocline transition zone

Question 16

What layer in the ocean’s physical structure makes up 18% of its volume?

Answer 16

thermocline transition zone

Question 17

What layer in the ocean’s physical structure has a temperature gradient that exists; where there is little motion and mixing because of friction and lack of convection?

Answer 17

thermocline transition zone

Question 18

What layer in the ocean’s physical structure at latitudes lower than 50 degrees N and S, has temperature decreasing along the thermocline, but at higher latitudes, the thermocline is absent?

Answer 18

thermocline transition zone

Question 19

What layer in the ocean’s physical structure at a low latitude, has high salinity at the surface of the transition zone and decreases with depth?

Answer 19

thermocline transition zone

Question 20

What layer in the ocean’s physical structure at a higher latitude, has low salinity at the surface and increases with depth?

Answer 20

thermocline transition zone

Question 21

What layer in the ocean’s physical structure spans from 1 to 1.5 km to ocean floor?

Answer 21

ocean deep cold zone

Question 22

What layer in the ocean’s physical structure has uniform temperature and salinity?

Answer 22

ocean deep cold zone

Question 23

What layer in the ocean’s physical structure has temperatures that remain ~0 degrees C?

Answer 23

ocean deep cold zone

Question 24

What layer in the ocean’s physical structure has water that doesn’t freeze because of salinity?

Answer 24

ocean deep cold zone

Question 25

What layer in the ocean's physical structure has the freezing point of seawater that is lower than plain water?

Answer 25

ocean deep cold zone

Question 26

What has been related to ocean absorption of excess atmospheric carbon dioxide?

Answer 26

ocean acidification

Question 27

What is associated with improper disposal (load on top)?

Answer 27

pollution and oil spills

Question 28

What is an effect from offshore drilling and transportation?

Answer 28

oil spills