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Intro to Radiography > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a micro-organism?

A

Microscopic organism that can grow in or on a host organism and cause disease

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2
Q

What is an infection?

A

Establishment and growth of microorganisms on or in host

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3
Q

What happens when an infection causes injury to host?

A

Disease

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4
Q

What microorganisms cause disease?

A

Pathogenic Microorganisms

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5
Q

What do Pathogenic Microorganisms do?

A

Cause obstruction by multipying in large numbers

Cause tissue damage

Secrete organic substances called exotoxins

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6
Q

Side effects of exotoxins:

A

high body temp, nausea, vomitting, shock

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7
Q

What are the four infection agents?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoan

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8
Q

Characteristics of Bacteria and how are they classifed?

A

Microscopic, single cell, simple organization

Prokaryotes (lacks nucleus)

Classified by morphology, biochemistry, and genetic constituion

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9
Q

What are Endospores?

A

Highly resisitant form of bacteria in resting state

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10
Q

Common bacterias:

A

Streptococcal Pharyngitis (strep throat)

Klebsiella Pneumoniae (Pneumonia)

Clostridium Botulinum (Botulism - food poisioning)

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11
Q

Characteristics of Viruses and how are they classified?

A

Simpler in form compared to bacteria or animal cells

Neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic - conisdered obligate intracellular parasites

Cannot live outside a living cell, it needs a host

Classified by its nucleic acid, size and symmetry

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12
Q

What is a Virion?

A

Viral particle that attaches to a host and inserts genetic info

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13
Q

Why does herpes simplex just appear now and then?

A

Latent or dormant infection: travels in nervous system and reappears sporadically

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14
Q

Common viruses:

A

Epstein-Barr (Mono)
Papillomavirous (HPV)
Rhinovirus (Common cold)

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15
Q

Characteristics of Fungi

A

Eukaryotic organism with membrane-bound organelles

Larger than bacteria

Can be dimorphic - grow into 2 distinct forms

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16
Q

What are the two forms Fungi can grow into?

A

Filamentous hypha - mold
Yeast

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17
Q

How does Fungi look under microscope?

A

Similar to a tree or plant

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18
Q

Diseases caused by Fungi

A

Superficial - discoloration of skin - example: Tinea nigra - black/brown on palm/planter

Cutaneous infection - keratinized tissue - Example: Tinea pedis (Athlete’s Foot) or Ringworm

Subcutaneous fungal infections via skin trauma

Systemic, via circulatory or lymphatic system; may be fatal

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19
Q

Characteristics of Protozoa

A

Unicellular, neither plant nor animal

No cell wall, greater size than bacteria

Motile and Eukaryotic

Can ingest food particles and some have Rudimentary - basic digestive systems

Classifed by Motility

Can form cysts which can help them survive while out of the host

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20
Q

Typical protozoan infections:

A

Trichomonas vaginalis
Plasmodium Vivax - malaria

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21
Q

6 steps of establishment of disease:

A
  1. Encounter
  2. Entry
  3. Spread
  4. Multipy
  5. Damage
  6. Outcome
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22
Q

Microorganisms that can pass through the placenta are:

A

Congenital infections

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23
Q

Two types of congential infections:

A

Rubella
Syphilis

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24
Q

When are we exposed to infectious microorganisms?

A

Birth

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25
Some encounters we get rid of, others become:
Colonizers
26
What systems are in direct contact with external environment?
Digestive Billiary Urinary Respiratory Peritoneal cavity - women
27
Two ways to acqiure infections by entry to the body:
Ingression - does not involve deep tissue penetration Penetration - skin layer broke by microorganism
28
Common Ingression and symptoms:
Ingested food & water Inhale aerosols/dust diarrhea and pneumonia
29
Types of microbes that penetrate:
Vectors - ticks, fleas, mosquitos Phaygocytes
30
What is a phaygocyte?
Engulfs foreign microbes and transports it deeper
31
More important barrier to overcome is hosts:
immune system
32
What determines the degree of spread?
Where the microbe enters and where it ends up
33
The time that the microorganism takes before it multiplies is the:
Incubation period
34
Damage to cells can be:
Direct or Indirect
35
What is direct damage?
Cell death caused by destruction of the host cell Toxins and posion secreted by infectious agent
36
What is indirect damage to a host?
Metabolism is altered
37
Death can result if a person has ingested toxins by the organism that causes:
Botulism
38
3 outcomes of infection:
Host controls the infection The infectious agent overcomes the host's immunities to cause disease The host and infectious agent compromise and live in somewhat anxious state of symbiosis (they live together)
39
For infections to be transmitted, the following must exist:
Host Infectious microorganism Mode of transportation
40
What is a host?
Human
41
What are the modes of transportation?
Exogenously or endogenously
42
What is exogenously?
Microorganism transmitted outside of the body (can be indirect or direct)
43
What is direct transportation?
When infected individuals transmit infection by holding hands, coughing, sexual contact, etc
44
What is the common type of infection that may be spread by direct contact?
Staphylococcal Aureus (impetigo)
45
Liquid mediums of direct transportation:
Phlegm, aerosols, sneezing, coughing, excretions (urine and feces)
46
What are ways of indirect spreading?
Vectors (carriers) transfer infectious agent from one host to another Formites
47
What are formites?
Type of indirect spreading through inanimate objects - food, water, radigraphic equipment, gloves
48
What is endogenously?
Encounter organisms already present in or on the body Staphylococci on surface of skin can invade deeper through laceration
49
What is the reservoir?
Site where infectious organism camps out
50
The person who carries the infection is called:
Host/reservoir
51
What are nosocomial infections?
Hopsital acquired infections
52
What percent of hospital patient's acquire some additional condition being in the hosptial?
5%
53
How many deaths annually in US for nosocomial?
100000+/year 8th leading cause of death
54
What is Iatrogenic?
Infection as a result of intervention with physician example - develop pneumonia from lung biopsy
55
What makes a patient more likely to pick up disease?
Compromised immune system
56
What is patient flora?
Relationship between host and microbe is beneficial or neutral, until compromised
57
What are 2 blood born pathogens that are of concern for nosocomial?
HBV and HIV
58
How is HBV spread?
Accidental needle sticks
59
How does HIV infect the system?
Infects the immune systems T4 cells; as a result the virus renders these blood cells to be less effective in preventing disease
60
What does AIDS stand for?
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
61
What part of the hosptial environment causes nosocomial?
Fluids, food, air, medications, dust
62
What are 2 invasive procedures that cause nosocomial?
Foley catheter ET tubes
63
What is the most common nosocomial infection?
UTI
64
How is the skin a mechanical and chemical defense?
Mechanical: shedding skin cells (rubbing hands together) Chemical: sweating
65
What is the chemical mechanism in respiratory, genitourinary, GI, and the conjuctive of the eye?
Mucous
66
Why is the enzyme in tears and urine that destorys bacteria?
Lysosomes
67
What is Phaygocytosis?
Phagocyte removes foreign particles by engulfing and destorying them
68
What is normal body flora?
Microbial community found in or on a healthy person
69
What is Chemotherapy?
To kill a microbe within the host requires a selective toxicity of a drug
70
What are the 2 kinds of chemo drugs?
Static and Cidal
71
What do static drugs do? Example?
Inhibit growth Ex - Tetracyclines
72
What do Cidal drugs to?
Kill or destory Ex - Penicillin
73
What do vaccines do?
Induce active immunity in the body by making the body produce an antibody
74
What is WHO?
World Health Organization - issues recommendations for infection control
75
Who controls the infection environment in the US?
US dept of Health and Human Services Center for Disease Control and Prevention
76
Who enforces the Center for Disease Control and Prevention?
OSHA
77
What is Asepsis?
Freedom from infection
78
What are the 2 methods of asepsis?
Surgical and medical
79
How to prevent infection in surgery?
Sterilization
80
What is sterilization?
Killing of all life forms. Probability of infection is zero
81
What are disinfectants?
Chemicals that alter the environment available to the microbe
82
If a disinfectant is a topical than it is:
an antiseptic
83
What are the two agent types of disinfectants?
Bacteriostatic agent Bacteriocidal agent
84
Common chemical disinfectants?
Chlorine Iodine Hydrogen Peroxide Ammonium on surfaces Ethylene oxide - sterilization
85
What percent of hydrogen peroxide is used in deep wounds?
3%
86
What is the most frequently used method for sterilization?
Heat
87
What type of heat is preffered for sterilization and what device?
Moist heat using an autoclave
88
Why is moist heat better for sterilization?
Carries heat better, greater surface area
89
What is pasteurization?
Moderate heat - followed by rapid cooling
90
How many nm of UV light to maximize killing microbes?
260nm
91
What is the single most important way to prevent infection?
Handwashing
92
What kind of soap is used for handwashing?
Bactericidal
93
How long would it take for soap to kill all bacteria?
7-8 minutes
94
Under the nail area is:
Subungual
95
8 steps to handwashing:
1. Approch the sink - use foot and knee pedals 2. Wet hands - keep below elbows 3. Apply soap - liquid form 4. Being at wrist, work towards fingertips 5. Rinse and allow water to run down over hands 6. Repeat the process to cleanse from elbow to fingertips 7. Turn off water - use towel on handles 8. Dry from eblow to fingertips
96
Standard precautions when coming in contact with body fluids:
Hand washing Gloving PPE Needle recapping Bio spills
97
How to recap needles:
one-handed scoop method - place in sharps container
98
How many needle sticks happen per year?
800,000
99
How to handle bio spills?
Bleach solution - discard paper towel in designated medical waste container
100
What are 3 types of transmission based precautions?
Airborne precautions Droplet precautions Contact precautions
101
What are airborne precautions? And what are the infections you can get?
Pt wears mask when leaves the room Negative pressure isolation room w/door closed. Healthcare worker should wear respiratory protection that filters inspired air TB, chicken pox, measels
102
What are droplet precautions? And what are the infections you can get?
Wear a surgical mask when within 3 ft of patient Rubella, mumps, influenza
103
What are contact precautions? And what are the infections you can get?
Remove gloves before leaving room Clean equipment MRSA, impetigo, hepatitis A, C-diff
104
What is MRSA?
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Virulent pathogen that spreads through contact Sometimes called "super bug"
105
Contact precaution technique
1. Determine the number of cassettes needed - place into plastic bags 2. Move machine into isolation room 3. Locate the isolation supplies 4. Remove all ornamentation 5. Put on lead apron 6. Wash hands 7. Put on gown - grab from arm holes 8. Put on mask, cap, googles 9. Put on gloves 10. Have assistant put on gown, gloves, cap 11. Enter isolated area and introduce yourself 12. Position the patient 13. Assistant will make the exposure 14. Remove cassette - never touching the inside. Assistant never touching outside 15. Untie the waist strings of the gown 16. Untie the neck strings and pull down so the sleeves are inside out 17. Remove gloves. 18. Remove the cap and the mask 19. Wash hands 20. Have assistance follow same protocol. Clean equipment 21. Wash your hands
106
How to dispose of toxic waste?
Use leak proof bags that are colored differently (usually red)
107
How should needle containers be handled according to OSHA:
Properly labeled Properly sealed and covered Handled only by trained and protected personnel
108
How do chemicals in healthcare reach target organs?
Absorbed, transported, and metabolized in the body
109
Another name for Bio-Hazardous Waste
Infectious Waste
110
What are examples of Bio-hazardous waste?
Blood, body fluids, and tissues
111
Who collects bio-hazardous waste?
Licensed bio-hazardous waste hauler
112
What is medical waste?
Waste that is generated in labs and clinical settings. Not contaminated but could appear hazardous.
113
What are examples of medical waste?
Non-contaminated syringes (no needles) Empty specimen bottles Bandages with blood
114
What are commercial cleaning products?
Sterilants, disinfectants, pesticides
115
MSDS sheet must include:
Physical and chemical characteristics Potential hazardous effects Recommendation for appropriate proptective measures Recommendation for disposal
116
Protozoa motility classifications:
Amoeboid locomotion - wavelike Flagella - long tail Cilia - short protein tail

Intro to Radiography (15 decks)

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