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A & P Unit 4 > Chapter 17 Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood leaves the heart via

A

arteries

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2
Q

Arteries branch

A

repeatedly until they become capillaries

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3
Q

oxygen and nutrients diffuse across

A

capillary walls and enter tissues

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4
Q

carbon dioxide and wastes move from

A

tissues into the blood

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5
Q

oxygen-deficient blood leaves the

A

capillaries and flows in veins to the heart

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6
Q

after oxygen-deficient blood flows to the heart it then flows to the

A

lungs where it releases CO2 and picks up O2

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7
Q

The oxygen-rich blood returns to the

A

heart

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8
Q

Blood is the body’s only

A

fluid tissue

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9
Q

Blood is composed of

A

liquid plasma (55%0 and formed elements (45%)

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10
Q

Formed elements include:

A

Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs)
Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets

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11
Q

Hematocrit

A

the percentage of RBCs out of the total blood volume

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12
Q

Components of whole blood

A

see picture on back

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13
Q

blood is ______, __________ with a ________.

A

sticky, opaque fluid with a metallic taste

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14
Q

Blood color varies from

A

scarlet to dark red

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15
Q

the pH of blood is

A

7.35-7.45

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16
Q

the temperature of blood is

A

38 degrees Celcius

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17
Q

Blood accounts for approximately ____ of body weight.

A

8%

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18
Q

The average volume for males

A

5-6L

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19
Q

The average volume for females

A

4-5L

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20
Q

blood performs a number of functions dealing with:

A
  • substance distribution
  • Regulation of blood levels of particular substances
  • body protection
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21
Q

Blood transports

A
  • oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract
  • metabolic wastes from cells to the lungs and kidneys for elimination
  • hormones from endocrine glands to target organs
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22
Q

Blood maintains

A
  • appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
  • normal pH in body tissues using buffer systems
  • adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system
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23
Q

Blood prevents blood loss by:

A
  • activating plasma proteins and platelets

* initiating clot formation when a vessel is broken

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24
Q

blood prevents infection by:

A
  • synthesizing and utilizing antibodies
  • activating complement proteins
  • activating WBCs to defend the body against foreign invaders
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25
Q

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets make up the

A

formed elements

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26
Q

Only WBCs are

A

complete cells

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27
Q

RBCs have no nuclei or organelles, and platelets are just

A

cell fragments

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28
Q

most formed elements survive in the bloodstream

A

for only a few days

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29
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs) are biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially

A

no organelles

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30
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs) are filled with

A

hemoglobin (Hb), a protein that functions in gas transport

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31
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs) structural characteristics contribute to its gas transport function:

A
  • Biconcave shape has a huge surface area relative to volume

* Erythrocytes are more than 97% hemoglobin

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32
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

A

See picture on back

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33
Q

Components of whole blood

A

See picture on back

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34
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs) are dedicated to

A

respiratory gas transport

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35
Q

Hb reversibly binds with oxygen and most

A

oxygen in the blood is bound to Hb

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36
Q

Each Hb molecule can transport

A

4 molecules of oxygen

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37
Q

Structure of hemoglobin

A

See picture on back

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38
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Hb bound to oxygen

*oxygen loading takes place in the lungs

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39
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

Hb after oxygen diffuses into tissues (reduced Hb)

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40
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

Hb bound to carbon dioxide

*carbon dioxide leading takes place in the tissues

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41
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

blood cell formation

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42
Q

Hematopoiesis occurs in the

A

red bone marrow

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43
Q

the life span of an erythrocyte is

A

100-120 days

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44
Q

Old RBCs become rigid and fragile, and their

A

Hb begins to degenerate

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45
Q

dying RBCs are engulfed by

A

macrophages

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46
Q

Heme and globin are separated and the iron is

A

salvaged for reuse

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47
Q

Erythrocyte disorders

anemia-blood has

A

abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity

48
Q

Polycythemia-excess RBCs that

A

increase blood viscosity

49
Q

Three main polycythemias are

A
  • polycythemia vera
  • secondary polycythemia
  • blood doping
50
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs) are the only blood components that are

A

complete cells

51
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs) are less

A

numerous than RBCs

52
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs) make up

A

1% of the total blood volume

53
Q

Leukocytes are broken down into

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

54
Q

Percentage of Leukocytes

A

See picture on back

55
Q

Granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

56
Q

Granulocytes contain

A

cytoplasmic granules that sain specifically (acidic, basic, or both) with Wright’s stain

57
Q

Granulocytes are

A

larger and usually shorter-lived than RBCs

58
Q

Granulocytes have lobed

A

nuclei

59
Q

Granulocytes are all

A

phagocytic cells

60
Q

Neutrophils have to types of granules that:

A
  • take up both acidic and basic dyes
  • give the cytoplasm a lilac color
  • contain peroxidases, hydrolytic enzymes, and defensins (antibiotic-like proteins)
61
Q

Neutrophils are our body’s

A

bacteria slayers

62
Q

Neutrophils make up

A

50%-70% of the differential WBC count

63
Q

Eosinophils account for

A

1%-4% of WBCs

64
Q

Eosinophils have red-staining, bilobed nuclei via a

A

broad band of nuclear material

65
Q

Eosinophils have red to crimson (acidophilic)

A

large, course, lysosome-like granules

66
Q

Eosinophils lead the body’s counterattack against

A

parasitic worms

67
Q

Eosinophils lessen the severity of

A

allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes

68
Q

Basophils account for

A

0.5% of WBCs

69
Q

Basophils have

A

U- or S-shaped nuclei with two or three conspicuous constrictions

70
Q

Basophils are functionally similar to

A

mast cells

71
Q

Basophils have large, purplish-black (basophilic)

A

granules that contain histamine

72
Q

histamine

A

an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs (antihistamines counter this effect)

73
Q

Argranulocytes are ______ and ______.

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

74
Q

Argranulocytes lack

A

visible cytoplasmic granules

75
Q

Argranulocytes are similar structurally but are

A

functionally distinct and unrelated cell types

76
Q

Argranulocytes have _____ or ______ nuclei

A

spherical (lymphocytes or kidney-shaped (monocytes)

77
Q

Lymphocytes account for

A

25% or more of WBCs

78
Q

Lymphocytes have large, dark purple

A

circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm

79
Q

Lymphocytes are found mostly enmeshed in

A

lymphoid tissue (some circulate in the blood)

80
Q

There are two types of lymphocytes:

A

T cells and B cells

81
Q

T cells

A

function in the immune response

82
Q

B cells

A

give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies

83
Q

Monocytes account for

A

4-8% of leukocytes

84
Q

Monocytes are the

A

largest leukocytes

85
Q

Monocytes have abundant pale-blue

A

cytoplasms

86
Q

Monocytes have purple staining,

A

U- or kidney-shaped nuclei

87
Q

Monocytes leave the circulation, enter tissue and differentiate into

A

macrophages

88
Q

Macrophages are highly

A

mobile and actively phagocytic

89
Q

Macrophages activate

A

lymphocytes to mount an immune response

90
Q

Leukocytes

A

See picture on back

91
Q

Summary of formed elements

A

See picture on back

92
Q

Leukocytes disorders

Leukemias-leukemia refers to

A

cancerous conditions involving WBCs

93
Q

Immature WBCs are found in the

A

bloodstream in all leukemias

94
Q

The WBCs produced, though numerous,

A

are not functional (leukemia)

95
Q

Platelets are

A

fragments of megakaryocytes with a blue-staining outer region and a purple granular center

96
Q

Platelets function in the

A

clotting mechanism by forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels

97
Q

Substances used to prevent undesirable clots:

A

aspirin, heparin, and warfarin

98
Q

Asprin

A

an anti-prostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2

99
Q

Heparin

A

an anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and postoperative cardiac care

100
Q

Warfarin

A

used for those prone to atrial fibrillation

101
Q

The ABO blood groups consist of:

A
  • two antigens (agglutinogens) (A and B) on the surface of the RBCs
  • two antibodies )agglutinins) in plasma (anti-A and anti-B)
102
Q

The ABO blood groups may ave various types of

A

antigens and preformed antibodies

103
Q

Agglutinogens and their corresponding antibodies cannot be

A

mixed without serious hemolytic reactions

104
Q

ABO Blood Groups

A

See picture on back

105
Q

Presence of the Rh agglutinogens on RBCs is indicated as

A

Rh+

106
Q

Anti-Rh antibodies are not spontaneously formed in

A

Rh- individuals

107
Q

If an Rh- individual receives Rh+ blood,

A

anti-Rh antibodies form

108
Q

A second exposure to Rh+ blood will result in a

A

typical transfusion reaction

109
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn -Rh+ antibodies of sensitized Rh- mother cross the placenta and attack and destroy the

A

RBCs of an Rh+ baby

110
Q

Rh- mother becomes sensitized when the exposure of Rh+ blood causes her body to

A

synthesize Rh+ antibodies

111
Q

The drug RhoGAM can prevent the Rh- mother from becoming

A

sensitized

112
Q

Treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn involves pre-birth

A

transfusions and exchange transfusions after birth

113
Q

When serum containing anti-A or anti-B agglutinins is added to blood,

A

agglutination will occur between the agglutinin and the corresponding agglutinogen

114
Q

Positive reactions indicate

A

agglutination

115
Q

Blood Typing

A

See picture on back

A & P Unit 4 (6 decks)

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