Chapter 17 Blood Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Blood leaves the heart via
A
arteries
2
Q
Arteries branch
A
repeatedly until they become capillaries
3
Q
oxygen and nutrients diffuse across
A
capillary walls and enter tissues
4
Q
carbon dioxide and wastes move from
A
tissues into the blood
5
Q
oxygen-deficient blood leaves the
A
capillaries and flows in veins to the heart
6
Q
after oxygen-deficient blood flows to the heart it then flows to the
A
lungs where it releases CO2 and picks up O2
7
Q
The oxygen-rich blood returns to the
A
heart
8
Q
Blood is the body’s only
A
fluid tissue
9
Q
Blood is composed of
A
liquid plasma (55%0 and formed elements (45%)
10
Q
Formed elements include:
A
Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs)
Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets
11
Q
Hematocrit
A
the percentage of RBCs out of the total blood volume
12
Q
Components of whole blood
A
see picture on back
13
Q
blood is ______, __________ with a ________.
A
sticky, opaque fluid with a metallic taste
14
Q
Blood color varies from
A
scarlet to dark red
15
Q
the pH of blood is
A
7.35-7.45
16
Q
the temperature of blood is
A
38 degrees Celcius
17
Q
Blood accounts for approximately ____ of body weight.
A
8%
18
Q
The average volume for males
A
5-6L
19
Q
The average volume for females
A
4-5L
20
Q
blood performs a number of functions dealing with:
A
- substance distribution
- Regulation of blood levels of particular substances
- body protection
21
Q
Blood transports
A
- oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract
- metabolic wastes from cells to the lungs and kidneys for elimination
- hormones from endocrine glands to target organs
22
Q
Blood maintains
A
- appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
- normal pH in body tissues using buffer systems
- adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system
23
Q
Blood prevents blood loss by:
A
- activating plasma proteins and platelets
* initiating clot formation when a vessel is broken
24
Q
blood prevents infection by:
A
- synthesizing and utilizing antibodies
- activating complement proteins
- activating WBCs to defend the body against foreign invaders
25
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets make up the
formed elements
26
Only WBCs are
complete cells
27
RBCs have no nuclei or organelles, and platelets are just
cell fragments
28
most formed elements survive in the bloodstream
for only a few days
29
Erythrocytes (RBCs) are biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially
no organelles
30
Erythrocytes (RBCs) are filled with
hemoglobin (Hb), a protein that functions in gas transport
31
Erythrocytes (RBCs) structural characteristics contribute to its gas transport function:
* Biconcave shape has a huge surface area relative to volume
| * Erythrocytes are more than 97% hemoglobin
32
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
See picture on back
33
Components of whole blood
See picture on back
34
Erythrocytes (RBCs) are dedicated to
respiratory gas transport
35
Hb reversibly binds with oxygen and most
oxygen in the blood is bound to Hb
36
Each Hb molecule can transport
4 molecules of oxygen
37
Structure of hemoglobin
See picture on back
38
Oxyhemoglobin
Hb bound to oxygen
| *oxygen loading takes place in the lungs
39
Deoxyhemoglobin
Hb after oxygen diffuses into tissues (reduced Hb)
40
Carbaminohemoglobin
Hb bound to carbon dioxide
| *carbon dioxide leading takes place in the tissues
41
Hematopoiesis
blood cell formation
42
Hematopoiesis occurs in the
red bone marrow
43
the life span of an erythrocyte is
100-120 days
44
Old RBCs become rigid and fragile, and their
Hb begins to degenerate
45
dying RBCs are engulfed by
macrophages
46
Heme and globin are separated and the iron is
salvaged for reuse
47
Erythrocyte disorders
| anemia-blood has
abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity
48
Polycythemia-excess RBCs that
increase blood viscosity
49
Three main polycythemias are
* polycythemia vera
* secondary polycythemia
* blood doping
50
Leukocytes (WBCs) are the only blood components that are
complete cells
51
Leukocytes (WBCs) are less
numerous than RBCs
52
Leukocytes (WBCs) make up
1% of the total blood volume
53
Leukocytes are broken down into
granulocytes and agranulocytes
54
Percentage of Leukocytes
See picture on back
55
Granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
56
Granulocytes contain
cytoplasmic granules that sain specifically (acidic, basic, or both) with Wright's stain
57
Granulocytes are
larger and usually shorter-lived than RBCs
58
Granulocytes have lobed
nuclei
59
Granulocytes are all
phagocytic cells
60
Neutrophils have to types of granules that:
* take up both acidic and basic dyes
* give the cytoplasm a lilac color
* contain peroxidases, hydrolytic enzymes, and defensins (antibiotic-like proteins)
61
Neutrophils are our body's
bacteria slayers
62
Neutrophils make up
50%-70% of the differential WBC count
63
Eosinophils account for
1%-4% of WBCs
64
Eosinophils have red-staining, bilobed nuclei via a
broad band of nuclear material
65
Eosinophils have red to crimson (acidophilic)
large, course, lysosome-like granules
66
Eosinophils lead the body's counterattack against
parasitic worms
67
Eosinophils lessen the severity of
allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes
68
Basophils account for
0.5% of WBCs
69
Basophils have
U- or S-shaped nuclei with two or three conspicuous constrictions
70
Basophils are functionally similar to
mast cells
71
Basophils have large, purplish-black (basophilic)
granules that contain histamine
72
histamine
an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs (antihistamines counter this effect)
73
Argranulocytes are ______ and ______.
lymphocytes and monocytes
74
Argranulocytes lack
visible cytoplasmic granules
75
Argranulocytes are similar structurally but are
functionally distinct and unrelated cell types
76
Argranulocytes have _____ or ______ nuclei
spherical (lymphocytes or kidney-shaped (monocytes)
77
Lymphocytes account for
25% or more of WBCs
78
Lymphocytes have large, dark purple
circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm
79
Lymphocytes are found mostly enmeshed in
lymphoid tissue (some circulate in the blood)
80
There are two types of lymphocytes:
T cells and B cells
81
T cells
function in the immune response
82
B cells
give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
83
Monocytes account for
4-8% of leukocytes
84
Monocytes are the
largest leukocytes
85
Monocytes have abundant pale-blue
cytoplasms
86
Monocytes have purple staining,
U- or kidney-shaped nuclei
87
Monocytes leave the circulation, enter tissue and differentiate into
macrophages
88
Macrophages are highly
mobile and actively phagocytic
89
Macrophages activate
lymphocytes to mount an immune response
90
Leukocytes
See picture on back
91
Summary of formed elements
See picture on back
92
Leukocytes disorders
| Leukemias-leukemia refers to
cancerous conditions involving WBCs
93
Immature WBCs are found in the
bloodstream in all leukemias
94
The WBCs produced, though numerous,
are not functional (leukemia)
95
Platelets are
fragments of megakaryocytes with a blue-staining outer region and a purple granular center
96
Platelets function in the
clotting mechanism by forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
97
Substances used to prevent undesirable clots:
aspirin, heparin, and warfarin
98
Asprin
an anti-prostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2
99
Heparin
an anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and postoperative cardiac care
100
Warfarin
used for those prone to atrial fibrillation
101
The ABO blood groups consist of:
* two antigens (agglutinogens) (A and B) on the surface of the RBCs
* two antibodies )agglutinins) in plasma (anti-A and anti-B)
102
The ABO blood groups may ave various types of
antigens and preformed antibodies
103
Agglutinogens and their corresponding antibodies cannot be
mixed without serious hemolytic reactions
104
ABO Blood Groups
See picture on back
105
Presence of the Rh agglutinogens on RBCs is indicated as
Rh+
106
Anti-Rh antibodies are not spontaneously formed in
Rh- individuals
107
If an Rh- individual receives Rh+ blood,
anti-Rh antibodies form
108
A second exposure to Rh+ blood will result in a
typical transfusion reaction
109
Hemolytic disease of the newborn -Rh+ antibodies of sensitized Rh- mother cross the placenta and attack and destroy the
RBCs of an Rh+ baby
110
Rh- mother becomes sensitized when the exposure of Rh+ blood causes her body to
synthesize Rh+ antibodies
111
The drug RhoGAM can prevent the Rh- mother from becoming
sensitized
112
Treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn involves pre-birth
transfusions and exchange transfusions after birth
113
When serum containing anti-A or anti-B agglutinins is added to blood,
agglutination will occur between the agglutinin and the corresponding agglutinogen
114
Positive reactions indicate
agglutination
115
Blood Typing
See picture on back
