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Biology 100 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Animals are:

A
  • Eukaryotic

- Multicellular

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2
Q

Heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by ________.

A

Ingestion

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3
Q

Able to ______, then _____ their food within their bodies.

A

ingest

digest

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4
Q

Animals cells lack the _______ that provide strong supposrt in the bodies of plants and fungi.

A

Cell walls

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5
Q

Most animals are diploid, having ______ eggs and sperm.

A

Haploid

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6
Q

They produce sexually, then go through many _______________.

A

developmental stages

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7
Q

What are the developmental stages?

A 
Sperm and eggs
            |
      Zygote
            |
      Blastula
            |
     Grastrula
     (3 layers)
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8
Q

Animals are considered to have evolved from ________________.

A

colonial flagellated protists

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9
Q

Multiple protist cells are thought to gradually become more specialized, developing _____________.

A

Distinct layers

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10
Q

Major phyla of Animals are present in old Cambrian rock, exhibiting tremendous animal diversity, this is known as the _________, because life suddenly appeared or “exploded” as different forms.

A

Cambrian explosion

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11
Q

Many of the strange creatures seen in _______ fossil beds are now extinct, but some life forms still exist today.

A

Cambrian

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12
Q

To build a phylogeny of all animals, scientists compare a variety of data sets, including comparative anatomy, ___________, and _________ biology.

A

Embryology

molecular

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13
Q

Four key characteristics of animal development

1) the development of ________ (endoderm mesoderm and ectoderm

A

True tissue

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14
Q

Four key characteristics of animal development

(2) The developmetn of ____________.

A

complex body symmetry

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15
Q

Four key characteristics of animal development

(3) The development of a ________ led to complex internal anatomy and physiology.

A

True body cavity

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16
Q

Four key characteristics of animal development

(4)Among the more complex coelomeat animals we can distinguish two main types coelom formation based on their _________.

A

embryonic development

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17
Q

(3) A body cavity is a _______ compartment that separates the outer body from the digestive tract.

A

Fluid-filled

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18
Q

(3) This cavity may be ________ partially present as a ___________ or complete as a ____________.

A

Acoelmate
Pseudocoelom
True coleom

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19
Q

(4) In _______ such as vertebrates and sea stars.

A

Deuterostomes

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20
Q

(4) In deuterostromes ,the first embryonic infolding becomes the ______and the coelom develops from the gut.

A

Anus

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21
Q

In _________ the first embryonic infolding becomes the mouth and the coelom develops from cell masses.

A

Protostomes

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22
Q

Sponges _____ have true tissues, so they are thought to be a primitive animal.

A

do not

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23
Q

Sponges are _____(attached to a substrate) and lack true tissues.

A

Sessile

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24
Q

Sponges have several autonomous cell types, such as ___________ and __________.

A

Amoebocytes

Choanocytes

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25
Many sponges exhibit ________, meaning that their parts are arranged around a central axis.
Radial symmetry
26
Phylum Porifera----
sponges
27
Flagellated ________, filter food from the water passing through the porous body.
Choanocytes
28
It is thought that Flagellated choanocytes arose from multicellular ____________ which still exist today.
Choanoflagellates
29
Once food is captured, _________ distributes food to other cells
Amoebocytes
30
Cnidarians are the simplest animals with __________.
true tissues
31
Cnidarians exist in either of two radial symmetrical forms which are
Jellyfish and sea anemones
32
Cnidarians also include sessile polyps such as
Hydra, corals, sea anemones
33
Cnidarians include free floating ________.
Medusas (jellyfish)
34
_____________: incomplete digestive system, the food enters, and wastes exits through the same opening
Gastrovascular cavity
35
Some Cnidarians have _______, which are unique stinging cells that capture prey and aid in defense.
Cnidocytes
36
______ are represented by soft-bodies animals usually protected by a hard shell.
Molluscs
37
Molluscs include
Gastropods, Bivalves, and Cephalopods
38
Many molluscs fee by using a file-like organ called a ______ to scrape up food
Radula
39
What are the three main parts of a mollusc?
A muscular foot used for movement A visceral mass housing most of the internal organs A mantle, which secretes the shell if present
40
________ are the largest group of molluscs and include the snail and slug.
Gastropods
41
Gastropods are
- found in fresh water, salt water, and terrestrial environments. - the only molluscs that live on land, using the mantal as a lung - often protected by a single, spiral shell
42
Many gastropods are slugs that lack the mantle and shell and have long colorful projections that function as ____.
gills
43
______: include clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops
Bivalves
44
Bivalves have
shells divided into two halves that are hinged together
45
Most bivalves are sedentary suspension feeders attached to the substrate by strong _______.
threads
46
___________: include squids , octopuses, and nautiluses
Cephalopods
47
are fast, agile predators
Cephalopods
48
Have larger brains and sophisticated sense organs, including complex image-focusing eyes
cephalopods
49
This type of Phylum Molluscs had a shell that is large in a nautilus, small and internal in a squid, or missing in an octopus
Cephalopods
50
____________ are the simplest bilateral animal.
Flatworms
51
Flatworms ________ have a cell, nor a complete digestive tract, food and water goes out of only 1 opening.
do not
52
Most flatworms are free-living forms called ______________.
planarians
53
flatworms are part of which Phylum group
Platyhelminthes
54
Some flatworms are parasitic these include...
tapeworm and liver fluke
55
Human tapeworm can reach a length of __________.
60 feet
56
Annelids are worms whose bodies are elongated by __________________________.
repetitive body segments
57
What are the three types of annelids?
oligochaetes, polychaetes, and leeches.
58
_____________ are earthworms, which eat their way through soil.
Oligochaetes
59
______________ are free-swimming or burrowing marine worms.
polychaetes
60
____________ are blood-sucking parasites.
leeches
61
Roundworms exhibit a digestive tract, having two openings, a _________ and an ________. a complete digestive tract can process food and absorbs nutrients more efficiently.
mouth, anus
62
a roundworms is part of which Phylum group?
Nematoda
63
Arthropods have specialized segments and an exoskeleton made of _______.
chitin
64
What are the four main groups of arthropods?
Arachnids, crustaceans, millipedes, and centipedes.
65
_____________ include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites. which are part of the Arthropod.
Arachnids
66
__________________ are crabs, lobster, crayfish, shrimps, and barnacles part of Arthropods
Crustaceans
67
_________two pairs of legs per segments and _________ one pair of legs per segment. part of arthropod
millipedes, centipedes
68
_________ are the most diverse of any type of animal. 70% of all identified animals species are insects.
insects
69
There may be as many as ____________ insect species.
30 million
70
The body of an insect typically includes
a head, thorax, abdomen, three sets of legs, wings ( with few expections)
71
most adult insects have ___________ bodys.
three-part
72
most insects undergo ____________________ where larva specialize in growth and development, then the non feeding pupa rebuilds it's body, then is finally transformed into an adult insect.
complete metamorphosis
73
metamorphosis prevents
competition of juveniles with adults
74
other insects undergo _________________ in which the transition from larva to adult is achieved through multiple bolts without forming a pupa.
incomplete metamorphosis
75
____________________________: many insects have protective color patterns and disguises, including modification to antennae, wings, and bodies.
protective color patters
76
The Phylum Echinodermata includes
sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers.
77
In the Phylum Echinodermata these marina animals are characterized by their __________. they usually have an endoskeleton, and exhibit radial symmetry.
spiny skin
78
Unique to echinoderms is their ___________________ which facilitates gas exchange, waste disposal and allows the use of suction-cup-like tube feet for locomotion.
water vascular system
79
Phylum Chordats can be further classified into 3 subphylum.
Vertebrates , lancelets, and tunicates.
80
There are four defining characteristics of organisms in Phylum Chordata
-Dorsal hollow nerve cord (spinal cord), Notochord (a support for fins or limbs), pharyngeal hill slit and post-anal tail (sometimes reduced)

Biology 100 (19 decks)

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