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LING 305 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the physical characteristics of speech sounds, such as duration, frequency, and intensity

A

acoustic phonetics

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2
Q

an articulator which moves in the production of a sound; contrasts with passive articulator

A

active articulator

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3
Q

sound produced by combining a stop with a following fricative in rapid succession

A

affricate

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4
Q

sound made by placing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge

A

alveolar

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5
Q

the hard ridge just behind the teeth before the upper surface of the mouth becomes more domed in shape

A

alveolar ridge

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6
Q

sound produced through a slight narrowing of the vocal tract, but not enough to cause noise or a complete obstruction

A

approximant

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7
Q

the study of how the vocal organs produce speech

A

articulatory phonetics

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8
Q

the study of perception of phonetic properties of speech by the auditory system

A

auditory phonetics

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9
Q

parameter for describing vowel sounds based on how far back the raised part of the tongue is during articulation; one of three main dimensions for describing vowels; may be front, back, or central

A

backness

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10
Q

sound that involves a narrowing or complete closure of the upper and lower lip

A

bilabial

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11
Q

a level of phonetic transcription where detailed nuance (such as nasalization of vowels before nasal consonants) is not transcribed; contrasts with narrow transcription

A

broad phonetic transcription

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12
Q

sound produced so that air flows through the center of the mouth rather than over the sides of the tongue; contrasts with lateral

A

central

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13
Q

articulatory overlap between sounds in actual speech so that speech organs are preparing to produce the next sound while still producing the first

A

co‑articulation: articulatory overlap between sounds in actual speech so that speech organs are preparing to produce the next sound while still producing the first

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14
Q

consonant that follows the nucleus within the syllable

A

coda

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15
Q

sound made by placing the tip of the tongue against the back of the upper teeth

A

dental

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16
Q

a combination of vowels that functions as a single unit in the sound system; contrasts with monophthong

A

diphthong

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17
Q

sound produced with extremely short complete closure at the alveolar ridge; differentiated from an alveolar stop by the extreme shortness of the closure for the flap; sometimes also referred to as a tap

A

flap

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18
Q

sound in which the two articulators are close together, but not so tightly occluded that no air can escape through the mouth

A

fricative

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19
Q

the rate of vocal fold vibration, perceived as pitch

A

fundamental frequency

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20
Q

referring to the glottis or vocal folds; a sound made with the glottis as the place of articulation

A

glottal

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21
Q

a secondary articulation involving the production of a glottal constriction in conjunction with one or more non‑glottal segments

A

glottalization

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22
Q

a stoppage of voicing created by blocking off all airflow through the larynx by closing the glottis

A

glottal stop

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23
Q

within the larynx, the space between the vocal cords which opens and closes when the vocal cords vibrate; controls voicing and other aspects of phonation

A

glottis

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24
Q

the hard portion of the upper surface of the mouth behind the alveolar ridge

A

hard palate

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25
Q

parameter for describing vowel sounds based on height of the tongue during articulation; one of three main dimensions for describing vowels; may be high, low, or mid

A

height

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26
Q

consonant sound made by placing the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth

A

interdental

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27
Q

the changes in fundamental frequency (perceived as pitch) that occur during a phrase or utterance; adds meaning to spoken discourse

A

intonation

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28
Q

sound that involves a narrowing or complete closure between the upper teeth and the lower lip

A

labiodental

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29
Q

the part of the vocal tract that contains the vocal folds; located behind the thyroid cartilage (or Adam’s apple)

A

larynx

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30
Q

sound produced with a closure only in the center of the mouth so that air flows over the side(s) of the tongue; contrasts with central

A

lateral

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31
Q

phonetic property of vowels produced with tongue positioned towards the center of the vowel space; contrasts with tense; tense vowels tend to be shorter than lax vowels

A

lax

32
Q

parameter for describing vowel sounds based on whether the lips are rounded during articulation; may be rounded or unrounded

A

lip rounding

33
Q

category of sounds which includes lateral approximants and r‑type sounds

A

liquid

34
Q

degree of narrowness of the constriction in the vocal tract involved in producing sound; can vary from slight narrowing (for approximants) to complete blockage (for stops)

A

manner of articulation

35
Q

vowel produced with a single articulatory configuration; contrasts with diphthong

A

monophthong

36
Q

a phonetic transcription that seeks to record as much detail as possible, for example, transcribing nasalized vowels before nasal consonants where a broad phonetic transcription might not

A

narrow phonetic transcription

37
Q

sound produced with air passing through the nose; contrasts with oral

A

nasal

38
Q

the most prominent (or loudest) part of the syllable; typically filled by a vowel; also called the syllable peak

A

nucleus

39
Q

category of sounds which includes oral stops, affricates, and fricatives

A

obstruent

40
Q

consonant that precedes the nucleus within the syllable

A

onset

41
Q

sound produced with air passing through the mouth only; contrasts with nasal

A

oral

42
Q

writing system; see also practical orthography

A

orthography

43
Q

sound made with the tongue contacting the center of the hard palate

A

palatal

44
Q

sound made with the tongue contacting the area just behind the alveolar ridge; also known as post‑alveolar

A

palato‑alveolar

45
Q

an articulator which remains stationary in the production of a sound; contrasts with active articulator; includes teeth, upper surface of the vocal tract, etc.

A

passive articulator

46
Q

the part of the vocal tract above the larynx and behind the oral cavity (roughly the throat above the larynx)

A

pharynx

47
Q

the physical properties of sounds in language and the study of those properties

A

phonetics

48
Q

the perception of a sound on a scale of low to high; correlates with fundamental frequency

A

pitch

49
Q

the location within the vocal tract at which air flow is obstructed to produce a sound; refers to the articulator(s) involved in producing the sound (e.g., bilabial, dental, alveolar, etc.)

A

place of articulation

50
Q

sound made with the tongue contacting the area just behind the alveolar ridge; also known as palato‑alveolar

A

post‑alveolar

51
Q

the syllable in a word that has the most acoustic prominence; contrasts with secondary stress and unstressed

A

primary stress

52
Q

a place of articulation for consonants, produced with the tip of the tongue curled backwards toward the roof of the mouth behind the alveolar ridge

A

retroflex

53
Q

a mid central lax unrounded vowel, closest to the neutral position of the tongue at rest, as in the first vowel of apart; represented in the IPA as [?]

A

schwa

54
Q

one or more syllables in a word that are less prominent than the syllable with primary stress, but more prominent than unstressed syllables

A

secondary stress

55
Q

a term used in phonetics to indicate individual speech sounds such as vowels, consonants, and syllables; contrasts with suprasegmentals

A

segments

56
Q

soft portion of the upper surface of the mouth located behind the hard palate; also known as the velum

A

soft palate

57
Q

category of sound that includes nasals and all approximants, both lateral and central

A

sonorant

58
Q

consonant sound that involves a complete closure of the vocal tract

A

stop

59
Q

the relative prominence of different syllables in a word; typically measured in terms of duration, intensity, and/or fundamental frequency; includes primary stress (the syllable that carries the main stress in the word) and secondary stress (stress that is not as strong as the primary stress but stronger than completely unstressed syllables)

A

stress

60
Q

noisy sound (typically a fricative or affricate) which involves the funneling of air against the back of the teeth

A

strident

61
Q

the parts of the vocal tract which provide the air that the upstream articulators manipulate to produce sound; includes the lungs and the trachea

A

the parts of the vocal tract which provide the air that the upstream articulators manipulate to produce sound; includes the lungs and the trachea

62
Q

the portion of the vocal tract located above the larynx; contains most of the physiological structures that are manipulated in speech

A

supralaryngeal vocal tract

63
Q

phonetic properties that extend across multiple sounds; includes syllables, stress, tone, intonation, etc.

A

suprasegmental

64
Q

a consonant that functions as a syllable peaks; e.g., the second syllable of ‘little’, [l], or the second syllable of ‘butter’, [?]

A

syllabic consonant

65
Q

linguistic grouping that consists of a single peak, which may be flanked on one or both sides by consonants

A

syllable

66
Q

the most prominent (or loudest) part of the syllable; typically filled by a vowel; also called the nucleus

A

syllable peak

67
Q

sound produced with extremely short complete closure at the alveolar ridge; differentiated from an alveolar stop by the extreme shortness of the closure for the tap; sometimes also referred to as a flap

A

tap

68
Q

phonetic property of vowels produced with tongue positioned in the periphery of the vowel space; contrasts with lax; tense vowels tend to be longer than lax vowels

A

tense (ii)

69
Q

with backness and height one of three main dimensions for describing vowels, based on peripherality of tongue position and length; encompasses tense and lax

A

tenseness

70
Q

language in which fundamental frequency (or its perceptual correlate, pitch) plays an important part in distinguishing between words with different meanings; i.e., languages where pitch is phonemic

A

tone (tonal) language

71
Q

consonant produced by the back of the tongue coming into contact with or approximating the uvula (the appendage which hangs down in the back of the oral cavity)

A

uvular

72
Q

consonant produced by contact between the back of the tongue and the velum (soft palate)

A

velar

73
Q

soft portion of the upper surface of the mouth located behind the hard palate; also known as the soft palate

A

velum

74
Q

any consonant or vowel sound produced with vibration of the vocal folds

A

voiced consonant or vowel

75
Q

any consonant or vowel sound produced without vibration of the vocal folds

A

voiceless consonant or vowel

76
Q

the effect produced by the vibration of the vocal folds

A

voicing

LING 305 (15 decks)

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