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Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns of relationships

A

Archival Research

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2
Q

Reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

A

Attrition

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3
Q

Changes in variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design

A

cause-and-effect relationship

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4
Q

observational research study focusing on one or a few people

A

clinical or case study

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5
Q

Tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

A

confirmation bias

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6
Q

unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variable

A

confounding variable

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7
Q

Serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study-by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups

A

control group

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8
Q

Relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does.

A

correlation

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9
Q

number from -1 to +1 indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r

A

correlation coefficient

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10
Q

Compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

A

cross-sectional research

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11
Q

When an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion

A

Debriefing

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12
Q

Purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment

A

Deception

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13
Q

Results are predicted based on a general premise

A

deductive reasoning

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14
Q

variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had

A

dependent variable

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15
Q

Grounded in objective tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing

A

Empirical

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15
Q

Experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments

A

Double-blind study

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16
Q

Group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the 2 are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance

A

experimental group

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17
Q

Researcher expectations skew the results of the study

A

Experimenter bias

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18
Q

Objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research

A

fact

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19
Q

Able to be disproven by experimental results

A

Falsifiable

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20
Q

inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population

A

Generalize

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21
Q

Tentative and testable statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables

A

Hypothesis

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22
Q

Seeing relationships between 2 things when in reality no such relationship exists

A

Illusory Correlation

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23
Q

Variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group

A

Independent Variable

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24
Conclusions are drawn from observations
Inductive Reasoning
25
Process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person's consent to participate
Informed Consent
26
Committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals
Institutional Animals Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
27
Committee of administers, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
28
Measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event
Inter-rater reliability
29
Studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time
Longitudinal research
30
Observation of behavior in its natural setting
naturalistic observation
31
Two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation
Negative correlation
32
When observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations
Observer bias
33
Description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables
operational definition
34
Personal judgements, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate
Opinion
35
Subjects of psychological research
Participants
36
Article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication
Peer-reviewed journal article
37
People's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
Placebo effect
38
Overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in
Population
39
Two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller
Positive correlation
40
Method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group
Random assignment
41
Subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
Random sample
42
Consistency and Reproducibility of a given result
Reliability
43
Repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research's reliability
Replicate
44
Subset of individuals selected from the larger population
Sample
45
Experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group
Single-blind study
46
Determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance
Statistical Analysis
47
List of questions to be answered by research participants- given as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally-allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people
Survey
48
Well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
Theory
49
Accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure
Validity
50
Scientific hypotheses are ______ and falsifiable a. Observable b. Original c. Provable D. Testable
D. Testable
51
_______ are defined as observable realities a. Behaviors b. Facts c. Opinions d. Theories
B. Facts
52
Scientific knowledge is _______ a. Intuitive b. Empirical c. Permanent d. Subjective
B. Empirical
53
A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories ______ a. Were too limited in scope b. Were too outrageous c. Were too broad d. Were not testable
D. Were not testable
54
Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as _________ a. Archival Research b. Case Study c. Naturalistic Observation d. Survey
B. Case Study
55
_________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments a. Archival Research b. Case Study c. Naturalistic Observation d. Survey
C. Naturalistic Observation
56
The major limitation of case studies is __________________ a. The superficial nature of the information collected in this approach b. The lack of control that the researcher has in this approach c. The inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population d. The absence of inter-rater reliability
C. The inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population
57
The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is _________ a. The honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting b. How quick and easy these studies are to perform c. The researcher's capacity to make sure that the data is collected as efficiently as possible d. The ability to determine cause and effect in this particular approach
A. The honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting
58
Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as _______ a. Naturalistic observation b. Survey Research c. Longitudinal Research d. Archival research
D. Archival Research
59
_________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time a. Archival research b. longitudinal research c. Naturalistic observation d. Cross-sectional research
B. Longitudinal Research
60
A ___________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form a. Archive b. Case study c. Naturalistic observation d. Survey
D. Survey
61
Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of _________ a. Deception b. Observation c. Attrition d. Generalization
C. Attrition
62
Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that: a. There is no relationship between height and weight b. Usually, the taller someone is, the thinner they are c. Usually, the shorter someone is, the heavier they are d. As height increases, typically weight increases
D. As height increases, typically weight increases
63
Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables a. -.90 b. -.50 c. +.80 d. +.25
A. -.90
64
Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on the exam a. Watching too much television leads to poor exam performance b. Smart students watch less television c. Viewing television interferes with a student's ability to prepare for the upcoming exam d. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams
D. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams
65
The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when______ a. its closest to 0 b. its closest to -1 c. its positive d. its negative
A. its closest to 0
66
_______ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study a. Operationalizing b. Placebo Effect c. Random assignment d. Random sampling
D. Random sampling
67
The _________ is controlled by the experimenter; while the ________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter a. Dependent variable; independent variable b. independent variable; dependent variable c. Placebo affect; experimenter bias d. Experimenter bias; placebo effect
B. Independent variable; dependent variable
68
Researchers must _______ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding on exactly how those concepts were defined a. Randomly assign b. Randomly select c. Operationalize d. Generalize
C. Operationalize
69
Sometimes researchers will administer a ______ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that particular expectation might have on the experiment a. Dependent Variable b. independent variable c. Statistical Analysis d. placebo
D. Placebo
70
______ is to animal research as ________ is to human research a. informed consent; deception b. IACUC; IRB c. IRB; IACUC d. deception; debriefing
B. IACUC; IRB
71
Researchers might use __________ when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses a. Informed consent b. Deception c. Ethics d. Debriefing
B. Deception
72
A person's participation in a research project must be _______ a. Random b. Rewarded c. Voluntary d. Public
C. Voluntary
73
Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the _______ form a. Informed consent b. Debriefing c. IRB d. Ethics
A. Informed Consent

psychology (8 decks)

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