CHAPTER 2

Question 1

it is consist of a series of layered structures that surround the cytoplasm and govern cellular interactions with the external environment

Answer 1

CELL ENVELOPE

Question 2

protein embedded in the membrane

Answer 2

INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS

Question 3

integral membrane proteins extend completely across the membrane

Answer 3

TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS

Question 4

proteins that is more loosely attach

Answer 4

PERIPHERAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS

Question 5

it is a phospholipid bilayer containing embedded proteins

Answer 5

CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE

Question 6

what is the cytoplasmic structure of Bacteria and Eukarya,

Answer 6

hydrophobic fatty acid tails are bound to glycerol by ester linkages

Question 7

what is the cytoplasmic structure of Archaea

Answer 7

hydrophobic isoprenoid (rather than fatty acid) acid tails are bound to glycerol by ether linkages

Question 8

what is the function of cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 8

1. cells’s permeability, preventing the passive leakage of solutes into or out of the cell
2. anchors several proteins that catalyze a suite of key cell function
3. energy conservation and consumption

Question 9

it is the process by which cells accumulate solutes against the concentration gradient

Answer 9

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Question 10

it is the mechanisms of active transport that found in prokaryotic cells, that consist only of a transmembrane transport protein

Answer 10

SIMPLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM

Question 11

it is the mechanisms of active transport that found in prokaryotic cells, that employs a series of protein in the transport event

Answer 11

GROUP TRANSLOCATION

Question 12

it is the mechanisms of active transport that found in prokaryotic cells, that consist of three components: a binding protein, a transmembrane transporter, and an ATP-hydrolyzing protein

Answer 12

ABC transport protein

Question 13

where a solute and a proton are cotransported in the same direction

Answer 13

SYMPORT

Question 14

where a solute and a proton are transported in the opposite direction

Answer 14

ANTIPORT

Question 15

Group translocation differ from simple transport in what way/s

Answer 15

(1) the transported substance is chemically modified during the transport process, and (2) an energy-rich organic compound (rather than the proton motive force) drives the transport event.

Question 16

it is a compartment between the cytoplasm and outer membrane

Answer 16

PERIPLASM

Question 17

True or False. Peptidoglycan is found in all Bacteria that contain a cell wall but it is unique to Bacteria and is nit found in Archaea and Eukarya.

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

composed of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate with attached molecules of glucose or D-alanine (or both)

Answer 18

TEICHOIC ACIDS

Question 19

it is a teichoic acid that covalently bonded to membrane lipids rather than to peptidoglycan

Answer 19

LIPOTEICHOIC ACIDS

Question 20

True or False. Peptidoglycan can be destroyed by lysozyme.

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

an enzyme that cleaves the glycosidic bond between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid that weaken the peptidoglycan and can cause cell lysis.

Answer 21

LYSOZYME

Question 22

True or False. Most Archaea lack a polysaccharide containing cell wall and instead have an S-layer.

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

it is a rigid protein shell that functions to prevent osmotic lysis just as does the bacterial cell wall

Answer 23

S-LAYER

Question 24

True or False. Pseudomurein also differs from peptidoglycan in that the glycosidic bonds between the sugar derivatives are b-1,3 instead of b-1,4, and the amino acids are all of the L stereoisomer

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

True or False. Major difference between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes is that the outer membrane contains porins, which are transmembrane proteins that allow for the nonspecific transport of solutes.

Answer 25

TRUE

Question 26

True or False. The outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane are similar in that they both contain phospholipid and protein, but a major difference is that the outer membrane, called lipopolysaccharide.

Answer 26

TRUE

Question 27

it is the lipid portion of the LPS, that is not a typical glycerol lipid, instead the fatty acids are bonded through the amine groups from a disaccharide composed of glucosamine phosphate

Answer 27

LIPID A

Question 28

transmembrane proteins composed of three identical polypeptides; the proteins are arranged to form channels through which solutes can diffuse

Answer 28

PORINS

Question 29

contain a binding site for one or a group of structurally related substances.

Answer 29

SPECIFIC PORINS

Question 30

form water-filled channels through which most very small hydrophilic substances can pass

Answer 30

NONSPECIFIC PORINS

Question 31

consists of a paracrystalline monolayer of interlocking molecules of protein or glycoprotein

Answer 31

S-LAYER

Question 32

Function of S-layer

Answer 32

S-layers can take on the role of the cell wall and are responsible for providing structural strength, protecting the cell from osmotic lysis, and conferring cell shape.

Question 33

True or False. S-layers can also facilitate cell surface interactions, such as attachment.

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

True or False. S-layers can also increase the ability of some bacterial pathogens to cause disease by either promoting adhesion or protecting the cell from host defenses.

Answer 34

TRUE

Question 35

polysaccharide layer is organized in a tight matrix that excludes small particles and is tightly attached to the cell

Answer 35

CAPSULE

Question 36

surface layer is easily deformed and loosely attached, it will not exclude particles and is more difficult to see microscopically

Answer 36

SLIME LAYER

Question 37

filamentous structures made of protein that extend from the surface of a cell and can have many functions.

Answer 37

PILI

Question 38

Short pili that mediate attachment are often called

Answer 38

FIMBRIAE

Question 39

class of pili that facilitate genetic exchange by causing cell-to-cell attachment

Answer 39

CONJUGATIVE PILI

Question 40

class of pili that facilitate adhesion and support an unusual form of cell movement called twitching motility in certain bacterial species

Answer 40

TYPE IV PILI

Question 41

True or False. Type IV pili are also widespread in the Archaea, functioning in surface adhesion and cell aggregation events that lead to biofilm formation.

Answer 41

TRUE

Question 42

it is structurally resemble type IV pili except for their barbed terminus, which functions to attach cells both to surfaces and to each other

Answer 42

HAMI

Question 43

True or False. Hami function to affix cells to a surface to form a networked biofilm

Answer 43

TRUE

Question 44

One of the most common inclusion bodies in prokaryotic organisms is a ------, lipid that is formed from b-hydroxybutyric acid units

Answer 44

Poly-b-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)

Question 45

Another carbon storage inclusion, which is a polymer of glucose; like PHA, and it is a reservoir of both carbon and energy and is produced when carbon is in excess.

Answer 45

GLYCOGEN

Question 46

enclosed single-layer membrane composed of proteins that partitions off in the cytoplasm

Answer 46

INCLUSIONS

Question 47

True or False. Many prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes accumulate inorganic phosphate (PO43-) in the form of polyphosphate granules.

Answer 47

TRUE

Question 48

microbial process of forming minerals

Answer 48

BIOMINERALIZATION

Question 49

It is a structure that confer buoyancy and allow the cells to position themselves in regions of the water column that best suit their metabolisms.

Answer 49

GAS VESICLES

Question 50

these structures are biomineralized particles of the magnetic iron oxides magnetite or greigite.

Answer 50

MAGNETOSOMES

Question 51

it is a highly differentiated dormant cells that function as survival structures and can tolerate harsh environmental conditions, including extreme heat, radiation, chemical exposure, drying, and nutrient depletion.

Answer 51

ENDOSPORES

Question 52

True or False. Endospores are not reproductive structures, such as the spores of fungi, but are rather the  dormant stage of a bacterial life cycle

Answer 52

TRUE

Question 53

process of cellular differentiation that results in endospore formation

Answer 53

SPORULATION

Question 54

process in which endospore convert back to a vegetative cell

Answer 54

GERMINATION

Question 55

it is a protein that only made during the sporulation process that function as: to bind tightly in DNA in the core and protect it from potential damage from ultraviolet radiation, dessication, and dry heat; and the source of carbon and energy source for the outgrowth of a new vegetative cell from the endospore during germination.

Answer 55

Small-acid-soluble spore protein (SASPs)

Question 56

flagella that are attached at one or both ends of a cell

Answer 56

POLAR FLAGELLATION

Question 57

it is a type of polar flagellation in which a group of many flagella (called a tuft) may arise at one end of the cell

Answer 57

LIPHOTRICHOUS

Question 58

when a tuft flagella emerges from both poles of the cell, it is called

Answer 58

AMPHITRICHOUS

Question 59

when a flagella are inserted around the cell surface it is called

Answer 59

PERITRICHOUS FLAGELLATION

Question 60

True or False. Peritrichously flagellated organisms typically move slowly in a straight line, stop and then head off in a new direction while polarly flagellated organisms often move more rapidly and continuously, and some are able to reverse their direction.

Answer 60

TRUE

Question 61

it is the main part of the flagellum that composed of many copies of protein called flagellin

Answer 61

FILAMENT

Question 62

type of motility that requires a type IV pili, which extend from one pole of the cell, attach to a surface, and then retract to pull the cell forward

Answer 62

TWITCHING MOTILITY

Question 63

True or False. Twitching motility allows cells to move together in groups, and this trait is facilitated by the production of both type IV pili and the secretion of extracellular polysaccharides that aid in cellular cohesion.

Answer 63

TRUE

Question 64

It is a type of motility that has a smooth motion along the long axis of a cell without the aid of external propulsive structures (such as pili or attachment organelles)

Answer 64

GLIDING MOTILITY

Question 65

Attractans an repellent are sensed by aseries of membrane protein called

Answer 65

CHEMORECEPTORS. Chemoreceptors sense the concentration of particular chemicals and transduce this information to flagella, causing them to alter their rotation

Question 66

directed movement with respect to a gradient of ionic strength

Answer 66

OSMOTAXIS

Question 67

directed movement with respect to a gradient of available water

Answer 67

HYDROTAXIS

Question 68

directed movement with respect to a gradient of O2

Answer 68

AEROTAXIS

Question 69

directed movement with respect to a gradient in light intensity

Answer 69

PHOTOTAXIS

Question 70

mechanism to prevent phototrophic cells from swimming away from a lighted zone into darkness

Answer 70

SCOTOPHOBOTAXIS

Question 71

it is a protein that functions similarly to a chemoreceptor but which senses a gradient of light instead of chemical

Answer 71

PHOTORECEPTOR

Question 72

contains the chromosome of the eukaryotic cell

Answer 72

NUCLEUS

Question 73

highly basic compact and wind DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Answer 73

HISTONES

Question 74

site of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

Answer 74

NUCLEOLUS

Question 75

these membrane formed by invagination of the inner membrane of mitochondria that contain enzymes needed for respiration and ATP production

Answer 75

CRISTAE - Cristae also contain transport proteins that regulate the passage of key molecules such as ATP into and out of the matrix

Question 76

it is part of the mitochondria that contain enzymes for the oxidation of organic compounds, particularly, enzyme of the citric acid cycle which is the major pathway for the combustion of organic compounds to CO2

Answer 76

MATRIX

Question 77

it is part of the chloroplast that contains large levels of the enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCo) which is the key enzyme of the Calvin Cycle

Answer 77

STROMA

Question 78

Chlorophyll and all other components needed for ATP synthesis in choloroplasts are located in a series of flattened membrane discs called

Answer 78

THYLAKOIDS - thylakoids is highly permeable, and its major function is to form a proton motive force that results in ATP synthesis

Question 79

it is a crisscrossed by a series of dynamic protein filament, which are used to transport substances, to position cell structures, and to control cell movement

Answer 79

CYTOSKELETON - Cytoskeleton consist of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

Question 80

It is a hollow tubules that composed of the proteins alpha-tubulin anf beta-tubulin. Its function includes maintaining cell shape and facilitating cell motility, moving chromosomes during mitosis, and on the movement of organelles within the cell.

Answer 80

MICROTUBULES

Question 81

It i a polymer of two intertwined strands of the protein actin which function in maintaining or changing cell shape, in cell motility by cells that move by amoeboid movement and during cell division.

Answer 81

MICROFILAMENTS

Question 82

It is a fibrous keratin proteins that are arranged into fibers which function as maintaining cell shape and positioning organelles in the cell.

Answer 82

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

Question 83

It is a type of endoplasmic reticulum that contains attached ribosomes and producers of glycoproteins and also produces new membrane material that is transported throughout the cell to enlarge the various membrane systems before cell division.

Answer 83

ROUGH ER

Question 84

It is a type of endoplasmic reticulum that participate in the synthesis of lipids and in some aspect of carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 84

SMOOTH ER

Question 85

it is a stack of membrane-bound sacs that chemically modified the product or ER and stored into those destined for secretion versus those that will function in other membranous structures in the cell

Answer 85

GOLGI COMPLEX EXAMPLE IN MODIFICATION - glycosylations (addition of sugar residues) that convert the proteins into glycoprotein that can then be targeted to specific locations in the cell

Question 86

it is a membrane-enclosed compartments that contain digestive enzymes that hydrolyze proteins, fats, and polysaccharides

Answer 86

LYSOSOMES - also function in degrading damaged cellular components and recycling these material for new biosynthesis

Question 87

it is a short flagella that beat in synchrony to propel the cell - usually rapidly- in the medium

Answer 87

CILIA

Question 88

it is a long appendages present singly or in groups that propel the cell along through a whiplike motion

Answer 88

FLAGELLA

Question 89

it is a protein that is attached to the microtubules and uses ATP to drive motility

Answer 89

DYNEIN

Question 90

True or False. Eukaryotic flagella differ structurally and functionally from the flagella of Bacteria and the archaella of Archaea.

Answer 90

TRUE