chapter 2

Question 1

When and where did testing programs first emerge?

Answer 1

China as early as 2200 B.C.E.

Question 2

What was the primary purpose of early testing in ancient China?

Answer 2

Selecting candidates for government jobs.

Question 3

During which dynasty did tests emphasize knowledge of classical literature?

Answer 3

Song dynasty (960 to 1279 C.E.)

Question 4

What privileges were granted to those who passed the imperial examinations in ancient China?

Answer 4

Government job, Special garb, Special courtesies, Exemption from taxes, Exemption from torture interrogation.

Question 5

Who was the first to anticipate psychology as a science and psychological measurement as a specialty?

Answer 5

Christian von Wolff

Question 6

What significant book did Charles Darwin publish in 1859?

Answer 6

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.

Question 7

What concept did Darwin’s writing on individual differences inspire?

Answer 7

Research on heredity.

Question 8

Who is credited with devising many contemporary tools of psychological assessment?

Answer 8

Francis Galton.

Question 9

Galton aspired to classify people according to their _______.

Answer 9

Natural gifts

Question 10

What statistical concept did Galton pioneer that is central to psychological experimentation?

Answer 10

Coefficient of correlation

Question 11

Who founded the first experimental psychology laboratory?

Answer 11

Wilhelm Max Wundt.

Question 12

What did Wundt focus on in his research?

Answer 12

How people were similar

Question 13

What term did James McKeen Cattell coin in 1890?

Answer 13

Mental test

Question 14

Which psychologist introduced the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?

Answer 14

David Wechsler.

Question 15

What was the primary purpose of the group intelligence tests developed for military recruits?

Answer 15

Screening intellectual ability.

Question 16

Who developed the Personal Data Sheet during World War I?

Answer 16

Robert S. Woodworth.

Question 17

What was the Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory used for?

Answer 17

Measuring adjustment and emotional stability.

Question 18

By the late 1930s, how many different psychological tests were in print?

Answer 18

Approximately 4,000.

Question 19

What was one of the main focuses of Cattell’s research?

Answer 19

Individual differences in reaction time.

Question 20

What is the name of the personality test developed by Woodworth for civilian use?

Answer 20

Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory

Question 21

What are two advantages of self-report personality tests?

Answer 21

Respondents are arguably the best-qualified people to provide answers about themselves. They can offer personal insights that may not be captured by other methods.

Question 22

What are some disadvantages of self-report personality tests?

Answer 22

Respondents may have poor insight into themselves. People might honestly believe things about themselves that are not true. Some respondents may be unwilling to reveal personal information.

Question 23

Which famous projective test was developed by Hermann Rorschach?

Answer 23

Rorschach inkblots

Question 24

Who popularized the use of pictures as projective stimuli in personality assessments?

Answer 24

Henry Murray and Christiana D. Morgan

Question 25

What are the two distinct threads in the development of psychological measurement?

Answer 25

Academic tradition, Applied tradition

Question 26

What refers to a process whereby assessees themselves supply assessment-related information?

Answer 26

self-report

Question 27

One in which an individual is assumed to “project” onto some ambiguous stimulus his or her own unique needs, fears, hopes, and motivation.

Answer 27

Projective test

Question 28

As early as 1895, what did Alfred Binet and Victor Henri argue for?

Answer 28

The measurement of intelligence

Question 29

What are the two distinct threads in the development of psychological measurement?

Answer 29

The academic and applied traditions

Question 30

What may be defined as 'the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular population'?

Answer 30

Culture

Question 31

Who founded a 'Feebleminded Club' for the exchange of ideas regarding special education?

Answer 31

Henry Herbert Goddard

Question 32

The science of improving the qualities of a breed (in this case, humans) through intervention with factors related to heredity

Answer 32

Eugenic

Question 33

What is a key variable in the assessment process?

Answer 33

Verbal communication

Question 34

Humans communicate not only through verbal means but also through?

Answer 34

Nonverbal communication and behavior

Question 35

What is characterized by value being placed on traits such as self-reliance and independence?

Answer 35

Individualist culture

Question 36

What is characterized by value placed on traits such as conformity and cooperation?

Answer 36

Collectivist culture

Question 37

What refers to efforts to combat discrimination and promote equal opportunity?

Answer 37

Affirmative action

Question 38

What are rules that individuals must obey for the good of society?

Answer 38

Laws

Question 39

What is a body of principles of right conduct?

Answer 39

Ethics

Question 40

What defines the standard of care expected of members of a profession?

Answer 40

Code of professional ethics

Question 41

What is a selection procedure whereby a fixed number of applicants from certain backgrounds are selected?

Answer 41

Quota system

Question 42

What is the practice of making distinctions in hiring that favor members of a majority group?

Answer 42

Discrimination

Question 43

What is the practice of making distinctions that favor members of a minority group?

Answer 43

Reverse discrimination

Question 44

What refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring practice that was intentionally discriminatory?

Answer 44

Disparate treatment

Question 45

What refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring practice that unintentionally resulted in discrimination?

Answer 45

Disparate impact

Question 46

What governs citizens’ behavior and stems from interpretations of law?

Answer 46

Litigation

Question 47

What is information protected by law from disclosure in a legal proceeding?

Answer 47

Privileged

Question 48

What is a concept extended to parties who communicate in certain relationships?

Answer 48

Privileged information

Question 49

What concerns matters of communication outside the courtroom?

Answer 49

Confidentiality

Question 50

What is the level at which a reasonable professional would provide services?

Answer 50

Standard of care

Question 51

What are formal testing programs designed for various aspects of students’ education?

Answer 51

Minimum competency testing program

Question 52

What is a theory of personality and psychological treatment developed by Sigmund Freud?

Answer 52

Psychoanalysis

Question 53

Who developed the most popular among all projective tests?

Answer 53

Hermann Rorschach

Question 54

Who is cited as the 'little-known founder of clinical psychology'?

Answer 54

Lightner Witmer

Question 55

Who is credited for building the mathematical framework for factor analysis?

Answer 55

Charles Spearman

Question 56

Who coined the term 'mental test'?

Answer 56

James McKeen Cattell

Question 57

Who was Darwin’s half cousin and an influential contributor to measurement?

Answer 57

Francis Galton

Question 58

What were state-sponsored examinations for official positions in dynasties called?

Answer 58

Imperial examination