Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psych 356 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

(59 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

stimulus

A

agent, action or condition that elicits physiological or psychological response

ex. mosquito bite or shark fin in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

response

A

unit of behavior, discrete and usually reoccurring segment of behavior

ex. itch or heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

elicited behavior

A

behavior that occurs in response to specific environmental stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

reflexes are the _______ form of elicited behavior (2 examples)

A

simplest; knee tap = kick, loud noise = startle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

interaction between stimulus and response requires what involvement?

A

CNS/brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are anatomically specific and can be modified by the brain as well as change with development?

A

reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 examples of reflexes that change with development?

A

rooting and grasping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tinbergen and Lorenz stated that orderly ________ of reflexive behavior served evolutionary purpose (call back to causal mechanism), study was about …

A

sequences; herring gulls and how chicks knew to peck the beak of the mother to receive food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Modal Action Patterns (MAPs)

A

complex, species-specific response sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Important characteristics of MAPs (5)

A
  1. unique to all species (usually)
  2. all species members show the behavior
  3. not the result of prior learning (hard-wired)
  4. behaviors occur in rigid order
  5. triggered by specific stimulus (sign stimulus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Eliciting stimulus for reflexes are obvious to identify whole more difficult to identify for ____

A

MAPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sign stimulus

A

specific features required to elicit MAP

ex. herring gull, when tested a moving red and yellow stick is best/elicited most pecking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

preferred features of sign stimulus can be ______

A

enhanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

supernormal stimulus

A

unusually effective sign stimulus based on preferred properties, resulting in robust response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Baerends and Drent (1982)

A

Manipulated features of eggs (unnatural color, size, texture) to see what mother gulls would bring into their nest as eggs

green speckled eggs were found to be the most highly effective at eliciting retrieval behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

supernormal stimulus can be seen in ___________ for humans!

A

advertising

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

appetitive behaviors

A

early part of sequence/front end

behaviorally flexible making it easier to modify

ex. searching for food or looking for a (or to) mate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

consummatory behaviors

A

end component of sequence

often species-specific

difficult to alter

ex. feeding young or preparing a nest (example from class: cardinal so driven to feed young even when nest was destroyed seen feeding a trout)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what did Descartes believe about reflexes that was false?

A

a stimulus produces the same response every time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

habituation

A

decrease in response with repeated stimulation

ex. rats response to a tone every three seconds starts with being startled and ends up becoming unfazed after a few minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sensitization

A

increase in response with repeated stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what did the visual attention in infants study tell us?

A

conditions determined trajectory of behaviors

while the 4 x 4 didn’t hold the attention of the baby, the 12 x 12 briefly did, however, ended up habituating as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what did the salivation in adults study tell us?

A

a decrease in salivary and hedonic responses over trials 1-10

restored response to new taste in trial 11

recovery of response to original flavor on trial 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

TopHat question: The repeated stimulus and the elicited response used in Habituation and Sensitization procedures reflects what causal mechanism?

material

efficient

final

formal

25
what did the Davis (1974) study tell us?
Group 1 habituated to the loud tone over time (low background noise) Group 2 sensitized to the loud tone over time (medium/high background noise)
26
Why habituation and sensitize?
to organize and focus behaviors based on relevance of stimulus
27
To qualify as habituation or sensitization, where must the behavior happen?
in the central nervous system
28
when habituation is stimulus-specific...
altering the stimulus elicits the response rules out muscle fatigue (associated with response-specific/motor neuron) ex. switching tone quality restores startle
29
when habituation is response-specific...
reduced responding to stimulus in one aspect of behavior but not others rules out sensory adaption (associated with stimulus-specific/sensory neuron) ex. child may still be listening despite little/reduced eye contact
30
sensitization can only be ruled out by _________________ ______
electrophysiological tests
31
dual process theory
formal cause 2 distinct neural processes: - habituation process - sensitization process these processes act **simultaneously**
32
habituation and sensitization are different from what we actually ___ and are at __________ at all times
see; competition
33
behavioral outcome (__________) depends upon the strength of each process (___ ___)
performance; net sum
34
stimulus-response (S-R) system
**habituation** occurs in reflex arc - specific stimuli and response - short neural loop - each stimulus presentation activates the loop
35
state system
**sensitization** occurs in CNS areas that determine activation - generalized response - only activated during arousal/attention getting events - drugs can affect the state system
36
the change in 20 db for the Davis study in background noise amplified what system?
state
37
characteristics of habituation
semi-permanent determined by stimulus interval (frequency between stimuli)
38
short-term habituation
when stimulus is frequent/short stimulus interval
39
long-term habituation
when stimulus is widely spaced/spaced stimulus interval
40
characteristics of sensitization
temporary - ex. 15 minutes after 80 db background is off, startle returns to baseline determined by stimulus intensity
41
stimulus generalization
sufficiently similar stimuli may generalize (ex. using key lime instead of lime will continue habituation/generalize)
42
for sensitization, the animal will readily ________ to other cues in the environment, reflecting what cause?
generalize; final (evolution mechanisms)
43
Habituation can be reversed by changing ...
stimulus features
44
dishabituation
restoration of response by a strong extraneous, surprising stimulus
45
dishabituation is the result of _____ system activation
state
46
TopHat: the stimulus specificity of habituation is ________ that of sensitization. equal to less than greater than less than or greater than (depends on the stimulus)
greater than
47
difference between spontaneous recovery and dishabituation
s: requires passage of time d: requires different/new stimuli
48
Aplysia is what kind of animal and helps us study what cause of learning?
sea slug; material
49
for the aplysia, initial siphon stimulation induces siphon or gill withdrawal. What will we see in regards to habituation and sensitization?
hab - continued stimulation decreases responding sens - tail shock would increase responding
50
habituation: repeated skin stimulation decreases __ neurotransmitter release in ___, which decreases __ response
sensory neuron (SN); CNS; motor neuron (MN)
51
sensitization: tail shock activates the excitatory __ and increases __ neurotransmitter release in ___ to increase __ response
facilitory neuron (FN); SN; CNS; MN
52
habituation and sensitization can be applied to _______ emotional response/reactions to drugs
biphasic
53
biphasic characteristics of heroin
early: relaxed and euphoria late: irritable and depression
54
tolerance
habituation of early drug response (i.e. addicts report less euphoria over time)
55
withdrawal
sensitization of the late post-reaction (i.e. addicts report more distress upon termination)
56
opponent process theory
mechanisms that control emotional behavior minimize deviations from emotional neutrality (homeostasis)
57
opponent process theory: primary process (a)
elicited directly by an arousing stimulus **efficient** - heroin elicits euphoria *immediately*
58
opponent process theory: opponent process (b)
elicited indirectly by the primary process **inefficient** - euphoria elicits depression which is *delayed*
59
experience = net result of what two processes?
primary (a) and opponent (b)

Psych 356 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions