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Flashcards in Chapter 2 Deck (48)
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1
Q

animism

A

the belief that living and nonliving objects possess a spirit or soul

2
Q

preservationalist

A

parks and public lands should preserve wild nature in its pristine state

3
Q

conservationalist

A

public resources should be used and managed in a sustainable fashion to provide the greatest benefit to the greatest number of people

4
Q

environmental ethics

A

studies the moral relationship of humans to the environment and its nonhuman contents

5
Q

virtue ethics

A

an action is right if it is motivated by virtues, such as kindness, honesty, loyalty, and justice

6
Q

consequence-based ethics

A

emphasizes the importance of outcomes; right and wrong are defined in terms of pleasure or pain, benefit or harm, and satisfaction or dissatisfaction

7
Q

utilitarianism

A

an example of consequence-based ethics that defines right actions as those that deliver the greatest good to the greatest number

8
Q

duty-based ethics

A

the rightness or wrongness of actions should be determined by a set of rules or laws

9
Q

intrinsic value

A

a person, organism, or object has value as an end unto itself

10
Q

instrumental value

A

a thing that has value as a means to some other end

11
Q

anthropocentric ethics

A

assigns intrinsic value only to humans; defines right actions in terms of outcomes for human beings

12
Q

biocentric ethics

A

argues that the value of other living things is equal to the value of humans

13
Q

ecocentric ethics

A

places value on communities of organisms and ecosystems

14
Q

deep ecology movement

A

all elements of the environment have equal intrinsic value because we are the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat

15
Q

ecofeminism

A

what is seen as feminine concerns for interrelationships among humans, nonhuman life, and the environment

16
Q

environmental justice

A

seeks to ensure that in the management of natural resources and the environment people are treated fairly regardless of race, gender, or economic status

17
Q

economic system

A

the institutions and interactions in a society that influence the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services

18
Q

subsistence economy

A

a society meets its needs from its environment without accumulating wealth

19
Q

market economy

A

the production and consumption of goods and services take place in markets guided by prices based on a system of currency

20
Q

free market economy

A

the government does not influence the marketplace with subsidies, taxation, or regulation

21
Q

planned economy

A

the government regulates the prices of goods and services and the level of production

22
Q

profit

A

the difference between the cost to produce a commodity and its price in the marketplace

23
Q

neoclassical economic theory

A

the determination of the price and production of goods and services through the interaction of supply and demand

24
Q

economies of scale

A

the cost per unit of a good or service declines as the level of production increases

25
Q

economic value

A

the price that consumers are willing to pay for a commodity

26
Q

discount rate

A

the rate at which economic value declines with time

27
Q

opportunity cost

A

equal to the economic value of the best alternative use of money

28
Q

externalities

A

costs and benefits associated with the production of a commodity that affect people other than buyers and sellers

29
Q

limited resources

A

individual commodities that are not infinitely available or easily interchangeable with other goods and services

30
Q

marginal value

A

the difference in people’s willingness to pay for one action compared to an alternative

31
Q

travel-cost valuation

A

the amount of money that people are willing to pay for transportation and lodging to visit such places

32
Q

hedonic valuation

A

the difference in the market price of real estate that is affected by different environmental alternatives

33
Q

contingent valuation

A

the value of an ecosystem service by surveying people’s willingness to pay

34
Q

natural capital

A

all of Earth’s resources that are necessary to produce the ecosystem services on which we depend

35
Q

ecological valuation

A

determined by the potential cost of the loss or degradation of an ecosystem service

36
Q

gross domestic product (GDP)

A

the total value of goods and services produced by the citizens of a country divided by its population size

37
Q

genuine progress indicator (GPI)

A

the GPD plus or minus the economic value of enhancements or degradations to the environment

38
Q

policy cycle

A

a series of steps governments typically to develop and revise policies

39
Q

environmental policies

A

guide decisions and actions that influence environmental conditions or processes

40
Q

regulatory mandates

A

set legal standards for actions

41
Q

incentives

A

encourage action by offering something appealing

42
Q

market-based policies

A

use economic markets to guide actions

43
Q

cap and trade

A

a market-based policy in which a regulatory limit, or cap, is set on an action; rights to exceed that limit are traded in markets

44
Q

volunteerism

A

work performed freely on behalf of a community

45
Q

precautionary principle

A

policymakers must agree on a “reasonable” risk for human health and the environment

46
Q

tragedy of the commons

A

when people compete for shared, limited resources, such as fish in a public lake

47
Q

regulations

A

specific rules that establish standards for performance, programs to ensure compliance, and protocols for enforcement

48
Q

case law

A

various decisions made by the individual courts