Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroscience

A

Branch of life science that focuses in the structure and function of the brain

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2
Q

Biological Psychology

A

Branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of the psychological process and behavior and learning

Behavioral neuroscience

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3
Q

Neuron

A

Sends and reviews messages

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4
Q

Soma

A

Cell body. Contains nucleus

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5
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive messages

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6
Q

Axon

A

Carries messages

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7
Q

Nervous System

A

A network of cells that carries info to all parts of the body

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8
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Fatty later. Insulates and protects neuron. Speeds up.

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9
Q

Glial Cells

A

Structure in which neurons develop/ work on

Get nutrients
Clean up dead neurons
Provides
Insulation

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10
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Brain and spinal cord

Cannot regenerate

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11
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Neurons

Can regenerate

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12
Q

Nerves

A

Bundled of axons

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13
Q

Diffusion

A

The process of ions moving from high to low concentration

Sodium potassium pump

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14
Q

Electrostatic Pressure

A

The balance of electrical charges when ions are at rest

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15
Q

Resting Potential

A

State of rest

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16
Q

Axon Hillock

A

The axon closest to the soma

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17
Q

Action Potential

A

The sequence of ion channels opening up down the length of the axon

1 thousandth of a second

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18
Q

All-or-None

A

Neurons are either firing or not firing

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19
Q

Refractory Period

A

The amount of time it takes for

Neuron to recover so it can fire again

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20
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical inside neuron that transmits a message

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21
Q

Synapse

A

(Synaptic gap)

Fluid filled space in which neurons transmit across

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22
Q

Receptor Sites

A

Proteins that only allow a particular neurotransmitter to fit into it

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23
Q

Excitatory

A

Turn cells on

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24
Q

Inhibitory

A

Turn cells off

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25
Q

Antagonist

A

Blocks/ reduces effect of neurotransmitter

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26
Q

Agonist

A

Mimics effects of neurotransmitter

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27
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Influence actions of other neurotransmitters

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28
Q

AcH

A

Acetylcholine

1st discovered

Not reabsorbed in reuptake

Excitatory/ inhibitory

Arousal. Attention. Memory

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29
Q

NE

A

Norepinephrine

Excitatory

Arousal. Mood

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30
Q

DA

A

Dopamine

Excitatory/ inhibitory

Movement. Pleasure

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31
Q

5-HT

A

Serotonin

Excitatory/ inhibitory

Sleep. Mood. Anxiety. Appetite

SSRI treats depression

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32
Q

GABA

A

Gamma aminobutyric acid

Inhibitory

Sleep. Movement

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33
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory

Learning. Memory. Plasticity

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34
Q

Endorphins

A

Inhibitory

Control pain

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35
Q

Reuptake

A

Reabsorption of left over neurotransmitters

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36
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

Brain and spinal cord

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37
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

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38
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Regulates body functions

Involuntary

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39
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Controls voluntary movement

40
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Day to day functions

Inhibitory

41
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight/flight

Excitatory

42
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory neurons

Carry messages from senses to CNS

43
Q

Efferent

A

Motor neurons

Carry messages from CNS to muscles

44
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Ability for the cells in the brain to change structure and function

45
Q

Stem Cells

A

Can transform into any cell in the body

46
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Secrete hormones into bloodstream

47
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Master gland

Growth hormone

Controls other glands

48
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Secretes melatonin

49
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Regulates growth and metabolism

50
Q

Pancreas

A

Insulin. Regulates blood sugar

51
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Releases 30 different hormones that respond to stress (corticoids)

52
Q

Gonads

A

Sex glands

53
Q

GAS

A

General Adaptation Syndrome

Alarm

Resistance

Exhaustion

54
Q

Alarm

A

Sympathetic nervous system is activated

55
Q

Resistance

A

Body releases stress hormones

56
Q

Exhaustion

A

Body has used up resources. Can lead to diseases

57
Q

Immune System

A

System that responds to attacks on the body

58
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

Study of effects of psychological factors on immune system

59
Q

CHD

A

Coronary heart disease

Build up of plaque in arteries

60
Q

Cancer

A

Collection of diseases that can affect any part of the body

61
Q

NK Cell

A

Natural killer cell

Suppresses viruses and tumors

White blood cell

62
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Failure of pancreas to secrete insulin

63
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Caused by excessive weight gain

64
Q

Lesion

A

Cutting into the brain

65
Q

Brain Stimulation Techniques

A

Invasive: stim from inside

Noninvasive: stim from outside

66
Q

CT Scan

A

Computed tomography

Series of X-rays

67
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

Detailed X-ray

68
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalogram

Record electrical activity

69
Q

DTI

A

Diffusion tensor imaging

Grey/ white matter

Uses MRI technology

Measures connectivity

70
Q

PET Scan

A

Positron emission tomography

Glucose

71
Q

fMRI

A

Functional MRI

Computer tracks oxygen levels in blood

More detail

72
Q

SPECT

A

Measures blood flow in brain

73
Q

Hindbrain

A

Medulla
Pons
Reticular formation
Cerebellum

74
Q

Medulla

A

Life sustaining functions

75
Q

Pons

A

Transfer messages

Arousal

76
Q

Reticular Formation (RF)

A

Arousal
Attention

If damaged: go into eternal coma

77
Q

Cerebellum

A

Little brain

Involuntary movement
Balance and muscle coordination

78
Q

Limbic System

A

Emotions. Motivation. Learning

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Cingulate cortex/ cortex
Cerebral hemispheres
79
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station of the brain

Processes info. Sends info to where it needs to go

Smell doesn’t pass through (olfactory)

80
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates hormones

Homeostasis

81
Q

Amygdala

A

Fear

82
Q

Hippocampus

A

Long term memory “librarian”

Learning

83
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A

Emotional/ cognitive processing

84
Q

Cortex

A

Outermost part of the brain

Tightly packed neurons

85
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Two sections of the brain connected by corpus collosum

86
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Visual info

87
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

Receive/ interpret sensory info

88
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

Language. Audio

89
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

Higher level functions

Impulse control center

90
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Neurons that fire when observing.

91
Q

Association Areas

A

Make connections between sensory info and stored memories

92
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Production of speech

93
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Understanding meaning

94
Q

Spatial Neglect

A

Patients fail I be aware of objects opposite them

Happens after a stroke

95
Q

Left Brain

A

Logical. Speaking. Math. Analytical

96
Q

Right Brain

A

Non verbal. Visual. Art. Emotions