Chapter 2 Flashcards Preview

Axius > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chapter 2 Deck (100)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Initiative

A

The ability to assess and initiate things independently;

ابتكار عمل

2
Q

Invoke

A

To use a law in order to achieve something, or to mention something in order to explain something go to support your opinion or action:
Police can invoke the law to regulate access these places.
Their sacred dance is performed to invoke ancient gods.

Syn: cite, adduce
فراخواني، استدعا كردن

3
Q

Coincide

A

To happen at or near the same time;
I timed my holiday to coincide with the children’s.
Syn: occur simultaneously
مصادف شدن

4
Q

Pursue

A

Continue or proceed along( a path or route)
The road pursued a straight course over the scrubland.
دنبال كردن، ادامه دادن

5
Q

Scrubland

A

The land consisting of scrub vegetation;

6
Q

Surge

A

To move quickly and powerfully;
A few meters before the end of race, Jenkins surged into the lead.
موج خروشان

7
Q

Ascend

A

Go up or climb; to move up;
They slowly ascended the steep path up the mountain.
بالا رفتن

8
Q

retain

A

Continue to have (sth), keep possession of;
She has lost her battle to retain control of the company.
حفظ كردن

9
Q

Stabilize

A

Make or become unlikely to give way or overturn;
He suffered a second heart attack two days ago what his condition has now stabilized
تثبيت كردن

10
Q

Disenchantment

A

A feeling of disappointment about someone or something and you previously to speak to the required, disillusionment.
Growing disenchantment with the leadership.

11
Q

Discrimination

A

Treating a person a particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way you treat other people because of their skin color, sex, sexuality or etc.
Until 1986 most companies would not even allow women to take the exams, but such blatant discrimination is now disappearing.
syn: prejudice, bias
تبعيض

12
Q

Blatant

A

Very obvious and intentional, then this is a bad thing;done openly and unashamedly.
Blatant lies
بى شرمانه و تابلو

13
Q

Apparatus

A

Set up equipment or tools or a machine that is used for a particular purpose;
The drivers check their breathing apparatus.
Syn: tackle, rig
دستگاه، لوازم

14
Q

Pundit

A

an expert in a particular subject or field who is frequently called upon to give their opinions to the public.
“political pundits were tipping him for promotion”

15
Q

Converge

A

To move towards a place from different directions and meet.
Thousands of supporters converged on London for the rally.
Convergence (n.) همگرا

16
Q

Presumption

A

The act or instance of taking something to be true or adopting a particular attitude toward something.
فرض

17
Q

Conviction

A

The act of finding somebody guilty for a crime in court; the fact of having been found guilty
He plans to appeal against his conviction.
She had a previous conviction for a similar offense.

18
Q

Vogue

A

A fashion for something.
Black is in vogue again.
This novel had a great vogue ten years ago.
مد

19
Q

Prospect

A

The possibilities that sth will happen;
There is no immediate prospect of peace.
An idea of what might or will happen in the future;
Traveling alone around the world is a daunting Prospect.
چشم انداز، پيش بيني

20
Q

Daunting

A

Seeming difficult to deal with in anticipation; intimidating.
A daunting risk
دلهره آور، ترسناك

21
Q

Sovereignty

A

Super power; Complete power to govern the country;

The county claimed sovereignty over the island.حق حاكميت

22
Q

Unanimity

A

Complete agreement about something about a group of people;

There is no unanimity of opinion among the medical profession on this subject. اتفاق نظر، اتفاق اراء

23
Q

Enormity

A

The great or extreme scale, seriousness, or extent of something perceived as bad or morally wrong.
A thorough search disclosed the full enormity of the crime.
2. Grave crime or sin
The enormities of the regime وقاحت

24
Q

Marginalize

A

To make somebody feel as if they are not important and cannot influence decisions events; to put somebody in a position in which they have no power;
Attempting to marginalize those who disagree حاشيه راندن. بي اهميت جلوه دادن

25
Q

Demarcate

A

To make or establish the limits of something; set boundaries
Plots of land demarcated by barbed wire. محدود كردن

26
Q

Barbed

A

Having barbs;

خاردار

27
Q

Orient

A

Align or position relative to the points of a compass or other specified positions:
The fires are oriented in direct line to the midsummer sunset. بطرف خاور رفتن. بجهت معيني راهنمايي كردن

28
Q

Allot

A

To give time, money, tasks, etc.to somebody or something as a share of what is available;
I completed the test within the time allotted. تخصيص دادن
Syn: allocate to, assign to

29
Q

Endorse

A

To say publicly that you support a person, statement or course of action;
Members of all parties endorsed a ban on land mines.
تاييد كردن، صحه گذاردن

30
Q

Constrain

A
  1. To force somebody to do something or behave in a particular way
  2. To restrict or limit somebody or something ( often passive)
    Research has been constrained by a lack of funds. محدود شدن
31
Q

Reprimand

A

To tell somebody officially that you do not approve of them or their actions; rebuke;
The officers of have severely reprimanded for their unprofessional behavior. توبيخ شدن

32
Q

Latent

A

Existing, but not you it’s very noticeable, active or well developed;
Hidden; concealed;
Discovering her latent talent for diplomacy.
پنهان، پوشيده

33
Q

Focal

A

Of or relating to the center or main point of interest ;
Tapestries in which birds or animals provide the focal interest.
كانوني

34
Q

Erosive

A

Mordant, caustic

فرسايشگر

35
Q

Delimit

A

To decide what the limits of sth are

36
Q

Suppress

A

To put an end, often by force, to a group or an activity that is believed to threaten authority
SYN: quash
The rebellion was brutally suppressed.
سركوب كردن

37
Q

Restraint

A

A measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits;
Decisions are made within the financial restraints of the budget.
نگهدارى

38
Q

Contingency

A

A future event of circumstances that is possible but cannot be predicted with certainty;
A detailed contract that attempts to provide for all possible contingencies.
احتمال

39
Q

On a par with

A

Equal in importance or quality to.
This home cooking is on a par with the best in the world.
Syn: as good as, comparable with
همتاز با

40
Q

Impediment

A

Something that delays or stops the progress of something;
SYN: obstacle
The level of inflation is a serious impediment to economic recovery.
مانع

41
Q

Liability

A

The state of being legally responsible for sth;
The company cannot accept liability for any damage caused by natural disasters.
2. The amount of money that a person or company owes.
مسئوليت
بدهي

42
Q

Convene

A

To bring together a group of people or a meeting, or to meet for a meeting;
Convoke; summon.
The prime minister convene a meeting of his cabinet to discuss the matter.
جمع شدن، گردهم آمدن

43
Q

Segregate

A

To keep one group of people apart from another and treat them differently, especially because of race:
Blacks were segregated from whites in every area or life.

44
Q

Enforce

A

To make people obey a law;

It isn’t always easy for the police to enforce speed limits. وادار كردن

45
Q

Accumulate

A

To collect a large number of things over a long period of time:
We’ve accumulated so much rubbish over the years.
انباشتن

46
Q

Strand

A

A thin thread of something, often one of a few, twisted around each other to make a string or rope:
She tucked a loose strand of hair behind her ears. نخ، رسيمان

47
Q

Convention

A

A way of doing something or appearing that is considered usual and correct:
He flouted convention by wearing sneakers with his tuxedo. قرارداد، سنت

48
Q

Flout

A

To intentionally not obey a rule, law or custom:

Many motorcycles flout the law by not wearing helmets.

49
Q

Purport

A

Appear or claim to be or do something, especially falsely;

She is not the person she purports to be. ادعا داشتم

50
Q

Contend

A

Struggle to surmount;

رقابت كردن

51
Q

Delineate

A

Describe or portray precisely;

ترسيم نمودن

52
Q

Prone

A

Likely or liable to suffer from, do, or experience something.
Years of logging had left the mountains prone mudslides. متمايل

53
Q

Manifestation

A

A sign of something existing or happening;

She claimed that the rise in unemployment was just a further manifestation of the government’s incompetence. ظهور

54
Q

Commodity

A

A substance or a product that can e traded, bought or sold;

The countries most valuable commodities include tin and diamonds.محصول، كالا

55
Q

Agriculture

A

كشاورزى

56
Q

Prelude

A

An action or event serving as an introduction to something more important;
Education cannot simply be a prelude to career مقدمه

57
Q

Trait

A

A particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behavior;
His sense of humor is one of his better traits. ويژگي

58
Q

Surpass

A

Be greater than; to do or be better than;

His time for the 100 meters surpassed the previous world record by one hundredth of a second. پيش افتادن از، جلو افتادن

59
Q

Convene

A

Come or bring together for a meeting or activity; assemble;

He convened a group of well-known scientists and philosophers. گرد اوردن؛ تشكيل جلسه دادن

60
Q

Withstand

A

Remain undamaged or unaffected by; resist;

A bridge designed to withstand earthquakes مقاومت در برابر

61
Q

Contemporary

A

معاصر

62
Q

Pinpoint

A

To discover or explain exactly the real facts about something or the cause of a problem;
It’s difficult to pinpoint the cause of the accident. صراحتا بيان كردن

63
Q

Enumerate

A

Mention one by one;

It is an invitation to enumerate the conventions and to contrast them with the law شمردن

64
Q

Elicit

A

To succeed in getting information or a reaction from someone:
( elicit something from somebody)
When her knock elicited no response, she opened the door and peeped in. استخراج كردن. استنباط كردن

65
Q

Degenerate

A

To become worse;
This soon degenerated into disorder for which there was no remedy.
وخيم شدن

66
Q

Precede

A

To happen or exist before something or someone;

Even preceding events had proven how mistaken they were. قبل، جلوتر بودن

67
Q

Testimony

A

A formal statement saying that something is true specially one witness makes in a court of law; شهادت

68
Q

Requisite

A

Needed for a particular purpose; necessary; required;

In any case it would first of all be necessary to demarcate requisite number of super constituencies. شرط لازم

69
Q

Anomaly

A

Something that is noticeable because it is different from what is usual;
ناهنجار

70
Q

Detrimental

A

Causing harm or damage; harmful

مضر، زيان اور

71
Q

Embark on

A

To start something especially something new, difficult or exciting;
He embarked on a new career as a teacher.
شروع كردن

72
Q

Milestone

A

A very important event in the development of something;milepost;
For most people the birth of their child is a milestone in their lives. نقطه عطف، برجسته

73
Q

Aggregate

A

The total after a lot of different figures or points have been added together;
مجموع

74
Q

Revenue

A

Money that a business or organization receives over period or time درامد، بازده

75
Q

Attributable

A

Likely to have been caused by something;

قابل اسناد

76
Q

Ascribe sth to someone/sth

A

To consider sth to be caused, created or owned by someone:

To what do u ascribe the enormous success of your latest book? نسبت دادن

77
Q

Ponder

A

think about carefully;

تعمق كردن

78
Q

Depict

A

Show or represent by a drawing, painting or other art;

The novel depicts French society in the 1930s. به تصوير كشيدن

79
Q

Postulate

A

To suggest or accept that sth is true so that it can be used as the basis for a theory; posit;
They postulated a 500-year lifespan for a plastic container.

80
Q

Allege

A

Claim or assert that someone has done sth illegal or wrong ;
He alleged that he had been assaulted. ادعاى بدون اثبات

81
Q

Foregone

A

Prior, previous

قبلى

82
Q

Retrospective

A

Thinking about or connected with sth that happened in the past;
She felt a pang or retrospective sympathy for Mel. پس نگرانه

83
Q

Resilience

A

The ability of people or things to feel better quickly after sth unpleasant, such as shock
The often remarkable resilience of so many British institutions. مقاومت و بردبارى

84
Q

Potency

A

The power that sb/sth has to affect your body or mind:

If u keep a medicine too long, it may lose its potency. توان

85
Q

Discretion

A

The freedom or power to decide what should be done in a particular situation;
صلاحديد،

86
Q

Embody

A

To express or represent an idea or a quality:
Be embodied in sth
The principles embodied the declaration of human rights

87
Q

Reside

A

To live in a particular place;

He returned to Britain in 1939, having resided abroad for many years. اقامت داشتن

88
Q

Nascent

A

Beginning to exist; not yet fully developed

A nascent industry در حال تولد

89
Q

Recline

A

To sit or lie in a relaxed way

She was reclining on a sofa.لم دادن

90
Q

Tentative

A

Not behaving or done with confidence:
Hesitant
Her English is correct but tentative. تجربى

91
Q

Concise

A

Giving only information that is necessary and important using few words;
A concise summary

92
Q

Dwindle

A

To become gradually less or smaller:

Dwindling audience خرد شدن

93
Q

erratic

A

Not happening at regular times; not following any plan or regular pattern; that u cannot rely on
Unpredictable
The electricity supply here is quite erratic. دمدمى مزاج

94
Q

Expertise

A

Expert knowledge or skill in a particular subject; activity or job
We have expertise to help you run your business

95
Q

Limber

A

To do physical exercises in order to stretch and prepare your muscles before taking part in a race, sporting, activity etc
Warm up
گرم كردن

96
Q

Coax

A

To persuade sb to do sth by talking to them in a kind and gentle way
Cajole
He coaxed the horse into coming a little closer.
چرب زبانى كردن

97
Q

Abide

A

Accept or act in accordance with a rule

I said I would abide by their decision. ايستادگى كردن

98
Q

Opaque

A

Not able to be seen through, not transparent.
The windows were opaque with steam.
مات

99
Q

Detest

A

Dislike intensely;

Of all birds the carrion crow is the most detested by gamekeepers. بيزار بودن

100
Q

Tenable

A

Easy to defend against attack or criticism:

The old idea that this work was not suitable for women was no longer tenable. قابل مدافعه