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Flashcards in Chapter 2 Deck (20)
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1
Q

what is demography?

A

study of size and composition of populations

2
Q

what are some key measures of health and disease in a pop?

A

pop size, birth and death rate, cause of death, freq and causes of disease and disability and rate at which ppl engage in risky behaviours

3
Q

what is birth rate? death rate?

A

rate per 1000 annually

4
Q

why is measuring mortality challenging?

A
  1. many parts of the world have no system for status and places where deaths occur in homes instead of hospitals, few births and deaths are documented by gov’t officials
  2. assigning one cause of death to each individual is difficult. many co-morbidities
5
Q

what is life expectancy?

A

at birth is the median expected age at death of all babies born alive

6
Q

what is healthy life expectancy?

A

the number of years the average individual born into the population can expect to life without disability

7
Q

what are two terms to describe morbidity rate for a particular disease in a population?

A

incidence and prevelance

8
Q

what is incidence?

A

the number of new cases of the disease occurring in a time period divided by the total number of people at risk for that disease

describes infectious diseases, acute diseases and outbreaks

9
Q

what is prevalence?

A

the number of total existing diseases, both newly diagnosed cases and cases diagnosed in the past, divided by the total population

usually describes the amount of chronic diseases in a poulation

10
Q

what is quality-adjusted life years (QUALYs)

A

increased if interventions decrease the prevalence or incidence of diseases (e.g.. vaccines)

11
Q

what are disability-adjusted life year (DALY)?

A

way of estimating the burden of disease in a population by combing the burden from premature measured as years of life lost (YLLs) plus the burden of disability, measured as years of life with disability (YLD)

12
Q

what helps to highlight the high burden of disability caused by mental health disorders

A

DALY

13
Q

what are 3 main classifications for causes of death and disability?

A

1) communicable (infectious) diseases
2) noncommunicable diseases (including mental health)
3) injuries

14
Q

what are communicable diseases?

A

caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites (such as protozoa and heminiths/worms). TB, STI, intestinal worms, meningitis, malaria and resp infections all included

15
Q

what are noncommunicable diseases?

A

conditions that are not contagious, such as heart disease and other CVD, cancers, chronic resp diseases, endocinr, neurological, psych, etc. (anything chronic). Most are chronic and develop gradually.

16
Q

communicable or NCD: diseases of the newborn, maternal conditions, nutritional def?

A

communicable bc often diseases that affect lower-income pop

17
Q

sources of health info?

A

census data, vital stats registries, surveillance systems, household surveys, health sevices records such as hospital patient files and insurance claims and maps of the lcoations of health facilities.

18
Q

what are some examples of secondary sources?

A

fact sheets, annual reports and other summaries of research findings

19
Q

what are age adjusted rates?

A

make different populations with different age structures comparable

20
Q

what are some international sources of health information?

A

WHO, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Annual reports of United Nations agencies and specialty health organizations
Research articles published in peer-reviewed journals