Chapter 2

Question 1

Human movement system

Answer 1

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.

Question 2

Nervous system

Answer 2

The communication network within the human body.

Question 3

Sensory function

Answer 3

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

Question 4

Integrative function

Answer 4

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information and produce the appropriate response.

Question 5

Motor function

Answer 5

The neuromuscular response to the sensory information after interpretation.

Question 6

Proprioception

Answer 6

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and movement

Question 7

Neuron

Answer 7

The functional unit of the nervous system.

Question 8

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Answer 8

Neurons that transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

Question 9

Interneurons

Answer 9

Neurons that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another.

Question 10

Motor (efferent) neurons

Answer 10

Neurons that transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites.

Question 11

Central nervous system

Answer 11

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 12

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 12

Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body.

Question 13

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 13

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues.

Question 14

Muscle spindles

Answer 14

Mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Question 15

Golgi tendon organs

Answer 15

Mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Question 16

Joint receptors

Answer 16

Mechanoreceptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

Question 17

Skeletal system

Answer 17

The body’s framework; composed of bones and joints.

Question 18

Bones

Answer 18

Structures that provide the resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs.

Question 19

Joints

Answer 19

Junctions of bones and connective tissues; where muscles cause movement to occur.

Question 20

Axial skeleton

Answer 20

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.

Question 21

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 21

Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities.

Question 22

Remodeling

Answer 22

The process of resorption and formation of bone.

Question 23

Osteoclasts

Answer 23

A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue (resorption).

Question 24

Osteoblasts

Answer 24

A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation.

Question 25

Epiphysis

Answer 25

The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production; one of the primary sites for bone growth.

Question 26

Diaphysis

Answer 26

The shaft portion of a long bone.

Question 27

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 27

The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis where growth in the length of the diaphysis occurs; the growth plate.

Question 28

Periosteum

Answer 28

A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone except the articulating surfaces in joints.

Question 29

Medullar cavity

Answer 29

The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored.

Question 30

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Answer 30

Cartilage that covers the articular surface of bones.

Question 31

Depressions

Answer 31

Flattened or indented portions of bone which can be muscle attachment sites.

Question 32

Processes

Answer 32

Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.

Question 33

Vertebral column

Answer 33

A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.

Question 34

Arthrokinematics

Answer 34

Joint motion

Question 35

Synovial joints

Answer 35

Joints held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement; produce synovial fluid to lubricate joints.

Question 36

Non-synovial joints

Answer 36

Joints that do not have a joint cavity, capsule, connective tissue, or cartilage.

Question 37

Ligaments

Answer 37

Fibrous tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement.

Question 38

Muscular system

Answer 38

Series of muscles that moves the skeleton.

Question 39

Epimysium

Answer 39

A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle.

Question 40

Perimysium

Answer 40

The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

Question 41

Endomysium

Answer 41

The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.

Question 42

Tendons

Answer 42

Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force

Question 43

Sarcomere

Answer 43

The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments.

Question 44

Neural activation

Answer 44

The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation.

Question 45

Motor unit

Answer 45

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it connects to.

Question 46

Neurotransmitters

Answer 46

Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.

Question 47

The Endocrine System

Answer 47

made up of the glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream and the receptors that interact with those biochemicals.

Question 48

Catecholamines, such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine— are produced by what glands?

Answer 48

The Adrenal Glands

Question 49

Which gland produces growth hormone?

Answer 49

The Pituitary Gland

Question 50

Insulin and glucagon are secreted by what organ?

Answer 50

The Pancreas

Question 51

Agonist

Answer 51

The prime mover for a movement... the muscle (or muscles) that provide(s) the main source of force generation.

Question 52

Antagonists

Answer 52

create joint actions opposite to the prime mover

Question 53

Type (1) Skeletal Muscle

Answer 53

Slow twitch, more resistant to fatigue, more capillaries

Question 54

Type (2) Skeletal Muscle

Answer 54

Fast twitch, contract fast to generate more power. Less capillaries.