Chapter 2: Cell Membranes, Cell Death, and Autophagy Flashcards Preview

Human Disease: Exam 1 > Chapter 2: Cell Membranes, Cell Death, and Autophagy > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chapter 2: Cell Membranes, Cell Death, and Autophagy Deck (29)
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1
Q

The plasma membrane is __________ permeable.

A

Selectively

2
Q

Passive process in which solutes move from a concentrated to a dilute solution.

A

Diffusion

3
Q

Passive process in which water moves from a dilute to a more concentrated solution.

A

Osmosis

4
Q

Process in which substances move from a lower to a higher concentration across the cell membrane.

A

Active transport

5
Q

In the sodium/potassium pump, ______ is imported into the cell and _________ is imported out via active transport.

A

Potassium in, sodium out.

6
Q

Cell ingestion of materials too large to pass through the cell membrane.

A

Phagocytosis

7
Q

Ingestion of fluid that cannot pass through the cell membrane.

A

Pinocytosis

8
Q

Materials brought into the cell; both phagocytosis and pinocytosis are forms of this type of ingestion process

A

Endocytosis

9
Q

The reverse of phagocytosis; material is expelled

from the cell

A

Exocytosis

10
Q

Reduction in cell size.

A

Atrophy

11
Q

Increase in cell size without increase in cell #

A

Hypertrophy

12
Q

Increase in cell number.

A

Hyperplasia

13
Q

Adaptive change from one type of adult cell to another; (reversible)

A

Metaplasia

14
Q

Condition in which cell development and maturation are disturbed and abnormal.

A

Dysplasia

15
Q

An adaptive response, as when cells need to inactivate or detoxify drugs or chemicals through SER enzymes. Can lead to insensitivity to drugs.

A

Increased Enzyme Synthesis

16
Q

What are the two most common changes that occur in an injured cell?

A

1) Cell swelling (due to failure of Na/K pump)

2) Fatty changes (fat accumulates in the cytoplasm)

17
Q

Cellular homicide due to irreparable and pathological damage.

A

Necrosis

18
Q

Cellular suicide (programmed cell death)

A

Apoptosis

19
Q

Process of digestion of the cell’s own organelles or othe components.

A

Autophagy

20
Q

What will happen to an injured cell?

A

It may adapt, recover, or die.

21
Q

Which type of cell death is non-inflammatory?

A

apoptosis

22
Q

What cells digest apoptotic cells?

A

macrophages

23
Q

Process of self-digestion that occurs in eukaryotic cells; removes unnecessary, dysfunctional, damaged, or other cell components.

A

Autophagy

24
Q

What is the process of autophagy?

A

Cell forms a membrane around a region of cytoplasm to be ingested, then this vesicle fuses with a lysosome that degrades its contents.

25
Q

What are the roles of autophagy in the cell?

A

1) Recycling cell components
2) Provides nutrition for a starving cell.
3) Removes potentially harmful proteins.
4) Has a role in developmental and anti-aging functions in animal cells.
5) Protects against cancer.
6) Required for the life-span promoting effects of calorie restriction.

26
Q

What are the three types of autophagy?

A

1) Macrophagy
2) Microautophagy
3) Chaperone-mediated autophagy

27
Q

What is the main type of autophagy that is used to eliminate damaged organelles and unused proteins or cell components? It involves formation of a vesicle and fusion with a lysosome.

A

Macrophagy

28
Q

Type of autophagy in which cytoplasmic material is directly engulfed into the lysosome by membrane invagination (no separate vesicle formation and fusion)

A

Microautophagy

29
Q

Type of autophagy that is a highly selective way to

transfer a particular protein, assisted by a lysosomal chaperone (hsc70), into the lysosome for its degradation.

A

Chapterone-mediated autophagy