Chapter 2: Chemical Messengers

Question 1

What do exocrine glands do?

Answer 1

Secrete into a duct that carries the secretion to the body surface or to a body cavity

Question 2

What do endocrine glands do?

Answer 2

Secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid that surrounds the cells and makes up the gland. It is then transported by the blood

Question 3

What is a hormone?

Answer 3

A chemical messenger that effects the functioning of a cell

Question 4

What is a paracrine

Answer 4

A local hormone that works in its adjacent cells

Question 5

How do protein and amine hormones work?

Answer 5

By attaching to a receptor in the plasma membrane and then sending a secondary messenger substance to diffuse through the cell.

Question 6

How do steroid hormones work?

Answer 6

By entering the cell directly and combining with a receptor protein inside the cell.

Question 7

3 functions of hormones?

Answer 7

1. Activate certain genes
2. Change the shape or structure of an enzyme
3. Change the rate of production of an enzyme

Question 8

What is meant by the term “enzyme amplification”

Answer 8

That one hormone molecule does not stimulate just one enzyme molecule, it stimulates thousands.

Question 9

What is meant by the term, “hormone clearance”

Answer 9

Hormone clearance is the breakdown of the hormone once it has had the desired effect.

Question 10

What controls the regulation of these things?

Answer 10

releasing and inhibiting factors

Question 11

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Answer 11

Base of the brain

Question 12

What structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary?

Answer 12

The infundibulum

Question 13

What hormones are secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Answer 13

• Follicle stimulating hormone
• Luteinising Hormone
• Growth hormone
• Thyroid stimulating hormone
• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
• Prolactin

Question 14

What hormones are RELEASED from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 14

• Oxytocin

- Antidiuretic Hormone

Question 15

Where are the hormones released by the posterior pituitary produced?

Answer 15

The hypothalamus

Question 16

Where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 16

Deep inside the brain

Question 17

What hormone is released by the pineal gland?

Answer 17

Melatonin

Question 18

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 18

in the neck

Question 19

What hormones is released from the thyroid?

Answer 19

Thyroxine

Calcitonin

Question 20

What is the effect if thyroxine and how is its release stimulated?

Answer 20

Controls the body metabolism

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 21

Where are the parathyroid glands and how many are there

Answer 21

Behind the thyroid gland

There are 4 of them

Question 22

What is the effect of the parathyroid hormone?

Answer 22

It controls calcium and phosphate levels in the blood

Question 23

Where is the thymus located?

Answer 23

In chest, just above the heart

Question 24

What is secreted by the thymus?

Answer 24

Thymosins

Question 25

What is the role of thymosins?

Answer 25

Influence the maturation of T-lymphocytes

Question 26

What are the two adrenal glands?

Answer 26

Adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

Question 27

Which is the inner section of the adrenal gland?

Answer 27

The medulla

Question 28

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

Answer 28

Adrenaline and Noradrenaline

Question 29

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

Answer 29

Aldosterone and Cortisol

Question 30

What does the hormone adrenaline do?

Answer 30

Helps prepare the body for a fight or flight response

Question 31

What does the hormone noradrenaline do?

Answer 31

Similar to adrenaline, in particular it increases the rate and force of the heartbeat.

Question 32

What is the role of cortisol in the body?

Answer 32

Promotes normal metabolism

Question 33

What does the hormone aldosterone do?

Answer 33

Increases the amount of potassium and decreases sodium in the urine

Question 34

What are the clusters of cells called in the pancreas that produce hormones?

Answer 34

Islets of Langerhans

Question 35

What are the two types of cells in the Islets of Langerhans?

Answer 35

Alpha and Beta cells

Question 36

What do alpha cells produce?

Answer 36

Glucagon

Question 37

What do beta cells produce?

Answer 37

Insulin

Question 38

What is the effect of insulin on the blood sugar levels?

Answer 38

Decreases them

Question 39

What is the effect of Glucagon on blood sugar levels?

Answer 39

Increases them

Question 40

What hormone is produced by the testes?

Answer 40

Androgens

Question 41

What do androgens do?

Answer 41

Development and maintenance of male sex characteristics.

Question 42

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

Answer 42

Oestrogen and progesterone

Question 43

What is the role of oestrogen and progesterone?

Answer 43

Stimulate the maintenance and development of female sex characteristics and also regulate the menstrual cycle.

Question 44

Target cells of thyroxine?

Answer 44

Most cells

Question 45

Target cells of parathyroid hormone?

Answer 45

Bones and kidneys

Question 46

Target cells of thymosins?

Answer 46

T-lymphocytes

Question 47

Target cells of aldosterone?

Answer 47

Kidney

Question 48

Target cells of cortisol?

Answer 48

most cells

Question 49

Target cells of adrenaline and noradrenaline?

Answer 49

most tissues

Question 50

Target cells of insulin

Answer 50

Most cells

Question 51

Target cells of glucagon

Answer 51

liver and fat storage tissues

Question 52

Target cells of androgens

Answer 52

Many tissues

Question 53

Target cells of oestrogen

Answer 53

many tissues

Question 54

Target cells of progesterone

Answer 54

uterus and mammary glands