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Child Development > Chapter 2 Heredity And Conception, Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Heredity And Conception, Prenatal Development Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of traits and characteristics from parent to child by genes

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2
Q

Genetics

A

The study of heredity

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures that are composed of genes and found within nuclei of cells, rod shaped

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4
Q

Gene

A

Basic unit of heredity composed of DNA

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5
Q

Polygenic

A

Resulting from many genes

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6
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

A

Genetic material that takes the form of a double helix made up of phosphates, sugars, and bases

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7
Q

Zygote

A

An egg formed when the sperm and ovum join together

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8
Q

Mitosis

A

The form of cell division when chromosomes split lengthwise to double in number

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9
Q

Mutation

A

A sudden variation in a heritable characteristic affecting the composition of genes

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10
Q

Meiosis

A

The form of cell division in which each pair of chromosome splits and one member of each pair moves to the cell

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11
Q

Auto some

A

A member of a pair of chromosomes with the exception of sex chromosomes

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12
Q

Sex Chromosome

A

A chromosome that determines the sex of a child. X for a girl and Y for a boy.

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13
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

Twins that derive from a single zygote that split into two identical twins

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14
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

Twins that derive from two zygotes

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15
Q

Ovulation

A

The release of an ovum from an ovary

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16
Q

Allele

A

A member of a pair of genes

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17
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles

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18
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles

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19
Q

Dominant Trait

A

A trait that is expressed

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20
Q

Recessive Trait

A

A trait that is not expressed when the gene of genes involved have been paired with dominant genes. The traits are transmitted to future generations and expressed if paired with other recessive genes

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21
Q

Carrier

A

A person who carries and transmits characteristics but does not exhibit them

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22
Q

Multifactoral Problems

A

Problems that stem from heredity and environmental factors interacting

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23
Q

Down Syndrome

A

A chromosomal abnormality characterized by intellectual disability and caused by an extra 21st chromosome. Also known as Trisomy 21.

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24
Q

Sex-linked Chromosomal Abnormalities

A

Abnormalities that are transmitted from generation to generation, carried by a sex chromosome, usually an X sex chromosome.

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25
Klinefelter Syndrome
A chromosomal disorder found among males that is caused by an X sex chromosome and is characterized by infertility and mild intellectual disability
26
Testosterone
A male sex hormone produced mainly by the testes
27
Turner Syndrome
A chromosomal disorder found among females that is caused by having a single X chromosome and characterized by infertility
28
Estrogen
A female sex hormone produced mainly by the ovaries
29
Phenylketonuria
A genetic abnormality in which phenylalanine builds up and causes intellectual disability
30
Huntington Disease
A fatal genetic neurological disorder whose onset is in middle age
31
Sickle-cell Anemia
A disorder decreasing the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen
32
Tay-Sachs Disease
A fatal disorder that destroys the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
33
Cystic Fibrosis
When mucus obstructs the lungs and pancreas
34
Hemophilia
When blood does not clot properly
35
Sex-linked abnormalities
Abnormalities resulting from genes found on the X sex chromosome.
36
Muscular Dystrophy
A chronic disease characterized by wasting away of the muscles
37
Genetic Counseling
Advice concerning the probabilities that a couple’s children will show genetic abnormalities
38
Prenatal
Before birth
39
Amniocentesis
A procedure for drawing out and examining fetal cells sloughed off into amniotic fluid to determine whether disorders are present
40
Spina Bifida
A neural tube defect that causes abnormalities of the brain and spine
41
Chorionic Villus Sampling
A method for the prenatal detection of genetic abnormalities that samples the membrane enveloping the amniotic sac and fluid
42
Uterus
The organ in females where the embryo and fetus develop
43
Ultrasound
Sound waves too high in pitch to be sensed by the human ear
44
Sonogram
A procedure for using ultrasonic sound waves to create a picture of an embryo and fetus
45
Alpha-Fetoprotein Assay
A blood test assesses the mother’s blood level of alpha feta protein, a substance linked to neural fetal tube defects
46
Reaction Range
The variability in the expression of inherited traits influenced by environmental factors
47
Genotype
The genetic form of a person as determined by heredity
48
Phenotype
The actual form of a person determined by heredity or environmental factors
49
Canalization
The tendency of growth rates to return to genetically determined patterns by undergoing environmentally induced change
50
Passive Genetic-Environmental Correlation
The correlation between the genetic endowment parents give their children and the environments in which they place their children
51
Evocative Genetic-Environmental Correlation
The correlation between the child’s endowment and the response the child elicits from other people
52
Active Genetic-environmental Correlational
The correlation between the child’s genetic endowment and the choices the child makes about which environment they will seek
53
Niche-Picking
Choosing environmental conditions that foster one’s genetically transmitted abilities and interests
54
Epigenesis
The view that development reflects continual bidirectional exchanges between genotypes and environmental conditions
55
Autism
A developmental disorder characterized by failure to relate to others, communication problems, intolerance of change, and ritualistic behavior
56
Conception
The union of a sperm cell and an ovum that occurs when the chromosome of each of these cells combine to form 23 pairs
57
Fallopian Tube
A tube through which ova travel from an ovary to the uterus
58
Endometrium
The inner lining of the uterus
59
Spontaneous Abortion
Accidental abortion, unplanned, also called miscarriage
60
Motility
Self-Propulsion
61
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
An infection of the abdominal region that may have various causes and may impair fertility
62
Endometriosis
Inflammation of endometrial tissue sloughed off into the abdominal cavity rather than out of the body during menustration, the condition is characterized by abdominal pain and infertility
63
In Vitro Fertilization
Fertilization of an ovum or laboratory dish
64
Donor IVF
The transfer of a donor’s ovum fertilized in a laboratory dish to the uterus of another woman
65
Embryonic Transplant
The transfer of an embryo from the uterus of one woman to another
66
Surrogate Mother
A woman who is artificially inseminated and carries to term a child who is given to another woman, typically the spouse of a sperm donor
67
Artificial Insemination
Injection of sperm into the uterus to fertilize an ovum

Child Development (3 decks)

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