Chapter 2: Mendelian Inheritance and Probability Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 2: Mendelian Inheritance and Probability Deck (38)
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1
Q

pangenesis

A

Hippocrates suggestion that “seeds” are produced by all parts of the body, which are then collected and transmitted to the offspring at the time of conception, causing certain traits of the offspring to resemble those of the parents. (400BCE)

2
Q

What is Hippocrates concept of inheritance called?

A

pangenesis

3
Q

blending inheritance

A

the view that the factors that dictate hereditary traits can blend together from generation to generation. Refuted by Mendel.

4
Q

Who performed the first systematic study of genetic crosses?

A

Kölreuter, in experiments with tobacco from 1761 to 1766, concluded that both parents make equal genetic contributions to their offspring, consistent with blending inheritance: the factors that dictate hereditary traits can blend together from generation to generation. Refuted by Mendel.

5
Q

What did Kölreuter conclude from his experiments?

A

Kölreuter, in experiments with tobacco from 1761 to 1766, concluded that both parents make equal genetic contributions to their offspring, consistent with blending inheritance: the factors that dictate hereditary traits can blend together from generation to generation. Refuted by Mendel.

6
Q

Gregor Johann Mendel

A

1822-1884: Austrian monk botanist who performed crosses on peas in 1856, considered the father of genetics

7
Q

hybridisation experiment

A

two distinct individuals with different characteristics are mated (crossed), to each other, the offspring are referred to as hybrids.

8
Q

cross

A

mating two distinct individuals with different characteristics

9
Q

hybrids

A

the offspring of a cross (a mating between two distinct individuals with different characteristics)

10
Q

self-fertilisation

A

pollen and egg are derived from the same plant

11
Q

cross-fertilisation

A

pollen and egg are derived from two different plants

12
Q

character

A

one of the general characteristics of an organism, traits (or variants) describe specific properties of a character

13
Q

trait

A

traits (or variants) describe specific properties of a character (one of the general characteristics of an organism)

14
Q

variant

A

variants (or traits) describe specific properties of a character (one of the general characteristics of an organism)

15
Q

strain

A

a strain (or true-breeding line) produces a trait (or traits) that do not vary in appearance from generation to generation, it is homozygous for that trait

16
Q

true-breeding line

A

a true-breeding line (or strain) produces a trait (or traits) that do not vary in appearance from generation to generation, it is homozygous for that trait

17
Q

monohybrid cross

A

A monohybrid cross is a mating between individuals who have different alleles at one genetic locus of interest. The character(s) being studied in a monohybrid cross are governed by two alleles for a single locus.
To carry out such a cross, each parent is chosen to be homozygous or true breeding for a given trait (locus). When a cross satisfies the conditions for a monohybrid cross, it is usually detected by a characteristic distribution of second-generation (F2) offspring that is sometimes called the monohybrid ratio.

18
Q

single-factor cross

A

A monohybrid cross (or single factor cross) is a mating between individuals who have different alleles at one genetic locus of interest. The character(s) being studied in a monohybrid cross are governed by two alleles for a single locus.
To carry out such a cross, each parent is chosen to be homozygous or true breeding for a given trait (locus). When a cross satisfies the conditions for a monohybrid cross, it is usually detected by a characteristic distribution of second-generation (F2) offspring that is sometimes called the monohybrid ratio.

19
Q

empirical approach

A

Empirical research is a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience. Empirical evidence (the record of one’s direct observations or experiences) can be analyzed quantitatively or qualitatively. Through quantifying the evidence or making sense of it in qualitative form, a researcher can answer empirical questions, which should be clearly defined and answerable with the evidence collected (usually called data).

20
Q

P generation

A

The parental generation, the initial generation that is crossed

21
Q

F1 generation

A

The first filial generation, the initial offspring of a cross

22
Q

F2 generation

A

The second filial generation, the offspring of the F1 generation

23
Q

Particulate theory of inheritance

A

The genes that govern traits are inherited as discrete units that remain unchanged as they are passed from parent offspring, Mendell called them factors, we now call them genes

24
Q

Gene

A

A unit of heredity that may influence the outcome of an organism’s traits

25
Q

Allele

A

Different versions of the same gene

26
Q

Mendel’s law of segregation

A

Two copies of a gene segregate (or separate) from each other during transmission from parent to offspring

27
Q

Homozygous

A

An individual possessing two copies (alleles) of a gene

28
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic composition of an individual

29
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable characteristics of an organism

30
Q

Heterozygous

A

An individual caring to different copies of alleles

31
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

A cross which studies two different characteristics in the same group of individuals

32
Q

Nonparental

A

Individuals of the F2 generation with combinations of traits that were not found in a true-breeding P generation

33
Q

Mendel’s law of independent assortment

A

Two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells

34
Q

Genetic recombination

A

With an offspring receives a combination of alleles different from those in the parental generation

35
Q

What mechanisms are responsible for genetic recombination?

A

Independent assortment, crossing over

36
Q

Dihybrid testcross

A

Dihybrid individuals are mated to individuals that are homozygous recessive for the two characters. Independent assortment predicts a 1:1:1:1 ratio

37
Q

Loss-of-function alleles

A

An allele which encodes a defective copy of the gene product, often (but not always) inherited in a recessive manner

38
Q

Pedigree analysis

A

Using family trees to determine the type of inheritance pattern that the gene follows, used when controlling gamete combinations is not possible (aka humans??)