Chapter 2: Motor Learning

Question 1

a set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for producing skilled action

Answer 1

motor learning

Question 2

learn new skills in healthy subjects

Answer 2

conventionally

Question 3

reacquire skills lost due to injury or disease

Answer 3

recovery of function

Question 4

motor learning emerges from the interaction between what three things?

Answer 4

individual, task and environment

Question 5

a set of process of acquiring knowledge about the world

Answer 5

learning

Question 6

ability to show modification

Answer 6

plasticity

Question 7

process associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in capability to generated skilled actions

Answer 7

learning

Question 8

temporary changes in motor behavior

Answer 8

performance

Question 9

what is the best way to promote neuroplasticity?

Answer 9

transfer to other context/environments, number of reps, of frequency and degree of intensity

Question 10

what are the different non declarative (implicit) learning types?

Answer 10

non associative, associative, procedural

Question 11

what is non declarative (implicit) learning?

Answer 11

associated with motor learning; involving reflex pathways

Question 12

what are the two types of non associative learning and what is non associative learning?

Answer 12

habituation and sensitization
occurs when animals are given a single stimulus repeatedly, the nervous system learns about the characteristics of that stimulus

Question 13

decrease in responsiveness after repeated exposure to non painful stimuli

Answer 13

habituation

Question 14

increased responsiveness following a threatening or noxious stimuli

Answer 14

sensitization

Question 15

learns to predict relationships

Answer 15

associative learning

Question 16

what are the two types of associative learning?

Answer 16

classical and operant conditioning

Question 17

learning to pair two stimuli; an initially weak stimulus becomes highly effective in producing a response when it becomes associated with another, stronger stimulus

Answer 17

classical conditioning

Question 18

learning to associate a response with a consequence (if positive, to be repeated; if negative, to be avoided)

Answer 18

operant conditioning

Question 19

learning tasks that can be performed automatically without attention or unconsciously (habit)

Answer 19

procedural

Question 20

require processes such as awareness, attention and reflection, and results in knowledge of facts/events

Answer 20

declarative (explicit) learning

Question 21

practice can make transition from ___ to ___ knowledge

Answer 21

declarative to procedural

Question 22

sensory feedback from the ongoing movement is compared within the nervous system with the stored memory of the intended movement

Answer 22

closed-loop theory

Question 23

used in the selection and initiation of the movement

Answer 23

memory trace (used in closed loop)

Question 24

built up over a period of practice and became the internal reference of correctness

Answer 24

perceptual trace (used in closed loop)

Question 25

contain rules for creating the spatial and temporal patterns of muscle activity needed to carry out a given task under a variety of contexts

Answer 25

generalized motor programs

Question 26

an abstract representation stored in memory following multiple presentations of a class of objects

Answer 26

schema

Question 27

used to select a specific response; rules for the motor control

Answer 27

recall schema

Question 28

used to evaluate the response; the expected sensory consequences

Answer 28

recognition schema

Question 29

search for optimal strategies (perception and action) to solve task and environmental constraints

Answer 29

ecological theory

Question 30

feedback on the movement pattern during movement (how did the learner feel?)

Answer 30

knowledge of performance

Question 31

feedback on the outcome given at the end of the movement (how did the learner do?)

Answer 31

knowledge of results

Question 32

three stages of the Systems Three stage Model

Answer 32

novice, advanced, expert

Question 33

there is a reduction of the number of degrees of freedom of the joints to be controlled to a minimum

Answer 33

novice stage (first stage)

Question 34

the performer begins to release additional degrees of freedom, by allowing movements at more joints involved in the task

Answer 34

advanced stage (second stage)

Question 35

individual has now released all the degrees of freedom necessary to perform the task in the most efficient and coordinated way

Answer 35

expert stage (third stage)

Question 36

rely on sensory inputs during the movement

Answer 36

intrinsic feedback

Question 37

external sources to supplement intrinsic feedback

Answer 37

extrinsic feedback

Question 38

doing the same task several reps before staring the next

Answer 38

blocked practice

Question 39

practicing various tasks in a random order

Answer 39

random practice

Question 40

more time on practicing in a trial that on rest; tpractice/trest > 1

Answer 40

massed practice

Question 41

amount of time on practicing between trials is equal to or less than on that of the rest; tpractice/trest < = 1

Answer 41

distributed practice

Question 42

break whole task down into individual steps

Answer 42

task analysis

Question 43

physically guided through the task

Answer 43

guidance learning

Question 44

through trial and error; achievable problem solving skills

Answer 44

discovery learning