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Psych 2005 (Section 5) > Chapter 2: Psychological Research > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Psychological Research Flashcards

1
Q

hindsight bias

A

tendency to believe we should have forseen an outcome after we learn what happened
- gives a sense a control

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2
Q

overconfidence

A

tend to think we know more more than we do

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3
Q

apophenia

A

perception that unrelated events are related
- gamblers believe they have a system to beat the house

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4
Q

pareidolia

A

perception of significant patterns/images
- ex: seeing faces in inanimate objects

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5
Q

empirical

A

based on systematic observations

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6
Q

what are the goals of psych?

A

to describe, explain, predict, influence mental processes/behaviors

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7
Q

deductive reasoning

A

begins w/ hypothesis and is then used to reach logical conclusions abour real world
(start w/ hypo, end with conclusion)

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8
Q

inductive reasoning

A

empirical observations lead to new ideas (conclusion may not be right)
(start w/ conclusion, end w/ hypo)

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9
Q

theory

A

set of statements used to describe a phenomenon, suggests future research
- used to provide a model for understanding human thoughts/emotions /behs

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10
Q

hypothesis

A

testable prediction; implied by theory

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11
Q

falsifiable

A

capable of being shown to be incorrect
(denial)

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12
Q

case/clinical study

A

in depth study of one person/small group
- (rare: like alien-limb syndrome)

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13
Q

generalizing

A

ability to apply findings of a research project to larger groups

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14
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing people in natural environments

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15
Q

hawthorne effect

A

people m ay change their beh simply because they know their being observed

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16
Q

observer bias

A

observers closely involved in research project; may unconsicously skew observations to fit expectations

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17
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

access consistency of observation by diff. observers
- need to verify diff. observers are recording same data

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18
Q

survey research

A

answering questions

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19
Q

wording effects

A

questions should be written in a way where theyre clear/concise

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20
Q

sampling effects

A

dont just apply surveys (anytime we do research)

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21
Q

population

A

everyone in group being studied

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22
Q

sample

A

subset of population (specific group)

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23
Q

representative sample

A

has the same characteristics as the population as a whole
- has to have the same ratio of men-woman/same demographics

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24
Q

random assignment

A

random

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25
Q

convenience sample

A

people who happen to be on hand

26
Q

archival research

A

use of existing records, newspapers, diaries, etc…

27
Q

longitudinal designs

A

study same group of participants for an extended period of time
-benefits: individual/developmental trends
-downfalls: long time to run/costly/attrition

28
Q

attrion

A

loss of participants over time

29
Q

cross-sectional designs

A

compare several age groups to eavh other
-benefits: cost/time/developmental trends/limited dropouts
-downfalls: no indivual trends/cohort effects

30
Q

cohort effects

A

changes in results dur to when someone is born/not developmental process

31
Q

sequential designs

A

study people of diff. ages over a extended period of time
-combination of longitudinal/cross-sectional design

32
Q

correlation research

A

measure of the xtent to which 2 factors vary together
-enables prediction of one from the other

33
Q

correlation

A

a relationship among 2 or more variables

34
Q

correlation coefficient

A

from -1 to 1 that indicates strength/direction of relationship b/w variables

35
Q

negative correlation

A

closer to 0 (weaker)
- variables change in opp directions

36
Q

positive correlation

A

closer to -1/1
- variables change in same direction

37
Q

correlation doesnt indicate…

A

causation

38
Q

confounding variable

A

something othet than variable of interest cuases changes

39
Q

illusory correlations

A

ppl. believe that relationships exist between 2 things when no such relationship exists
- ex: moon effects beh

40
Q

confirmation bias

A

we accept evidence that fits out belief and ignore that which diesnt

41
Q

experimental method

A

manipulating one variabke ti determine if changes to one variable will change another

42
Q

independet variable

A

variable thats manipulatede
ex: IV = drug/DV: effects on depression

43
Q

dependent variable

A

shows any effects of the manipulation of the IV
ex: IV = drug/DV: effects on depression

44
Q

operational definition

A

descrbes diff. varibales and how they are measured

45
Q

replicaion

A

repetition of a resaerch study (diff. situations/subjects) to determine of basic findings can be generalized

46
Q

experimental groups

A

expoed to IV

47
Q

control group

A

not exposed to IV
- need a control group to see whatg happens to people over time

48
Q

random assignment

A

random assignmen t of people to groups by chance

49
Q

confounding variables

A

anything other than the IV that cuases chnaged in the DV

50
Q

placebo effect

A

changes in results cuased by expectations (not IV)

51
Q

double-blind study

A

neither participanmts/experimenter know which group participants are in

52
Q

single-blind study

A

participants dont know, but researcher does

53
Q

principles

A

not specific findings that help exlain everyday beh

54
Q

reliability

A

measure gives consistne tresultsl

55
Q

validity

A

meaures meaure what it cklaims to measure

56
Q

informed consent

A

told enought to decide if they want to participate

57
Q

consetn forms

A

documented written consent

58
Q

deception

A

participants are misled about purp;ose; aims of research

59
Q

debreifing

A

at end of study/ review experiemtt/ answer questions

60
Q

confidentiality

A

essential part of ethical psych research

61
Q

institutional research board

A

reviews proposals for research that involves human participants

Psych 2005 (Section 5) (9 decks)

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