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BIO 208 > Chapter 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

acid

A

molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

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2
Q

adhesion

A

attraction between water molecules and other molecules

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3
Q

aliphatic hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon consisting of a linear chain of carbon atoms

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4
Q

anion

A

negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons

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5
Q

aromatic hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms

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6
Q

atom

A

the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element

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7
Q

atomic mass

A

calculated mean of the mass number for an element’s isotopes

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8
Q

atomic number

A

total number of protons in an atom

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9
Q

balanced chemical equation

A

statement of a chemical reaction with the number of each type of atom equalized for both the products and reactants

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10
Q

base

A

molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the hydrogen ions’ concentration in a solution

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11
Q

buffer

A

substance that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions

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12
Q

calorie

A

amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius

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13
Q

capillary action

A

occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the water molecules to the tubes’ sides

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14
Q

cation

A

positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons

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15
Q

chemical bond

A

interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that results in forming molecules

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16
Q

chemical reaction

A

process leading to rearranging atoms in molecules

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17
Q

chemical reactivity

A

the ability to combine and to chemically bond with each other

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18
Q

cohesion

A

intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surface tension

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19
Q

compound

A

substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements

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20
Q

covalent bond

A

type of strong bond formed between two atoms of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms

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21
Q

dissociation

A

release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an ion and the charged remains of the original, such as when water dissociates into H+ and OH-

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22
Q

electrolyte

A

ion necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions, and water balance

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23
Q

electron

A

negatively charged subatomic particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital; lacks functional mass and has a negative charge of –1 unit

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24
Q

electron configuration

A

arrangement of electrons in an atom’s electron shell (for example, 1s22s22p6)

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25
Q

electron orbital

A

how electrons are spatially distributed surrounding the nucleus; the area where we are most likely to find an electron

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26
Q

electron transfer

A

movement of electrons from one element to another; important in creating ionic bonds

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27
Q

electronegativity

A

ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms

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28
Q

element

A

one of 118 unique substances that cannot break down into smaller substances; each element has unique properties and a specified number of protons

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29
Q

enantiomers

A

molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms are three dimensionally placed such that they are mirror images of each other

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30
Q

equilibrium

A

steady state of relative reactant and product concentration in reversible chemical reactions in a closed system

31
Q

evaporation

A

change from liquid to gaseous state at a body of water’s surface, plant leaves, or an organism’s skin

32
Q

functional group

A

group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton

33
Q

geometric isomer

A

isomer with similar bonding patterns differing in the placement of atoms alongside a double covalent bond

34
Q

heat of vaporization of water

A

high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor

35
Q

hydrocarbon

A

molecule that consists only of carbon and hydrogen

36
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules

37
Q

hydrophilic

A

describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water

38
Q

hydrophobic

A

describes uncharged nonpolar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water

39
Q

inert gas

A

(also, noble gas) element with filled outer electron shell that is unreactive with other atoms

40
Q

ion

A

atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons

41
Q

ionic bond

A

chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions)

42
Q

irreversible chemical reaction

A

chemical reaction where reactants proceed unidirectionally to form products

43
Q

isomers

A

molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same chemical formula

44
Q

isotope

A

one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons

45
Q

law of mass action

A

chemical law stating that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reacting substances

46
Q

litmus paper

A

(also, pH paper) filter paper treated with a natural water-soluble dye that changes its color as the pH of the environment changes in order to use it as a pH indicator

47
Q

mass number

A

total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

48
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass and occupies space

49
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms chemically bonded together

50
Q

neutron

A

uncharged particle that resides in an atom’s nucleus; has a mass of one amu

51
Q

noble gas

A

see inert gas

52
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons are shared equally between them

53
Q

nucleus

A

core of an atom; contains protons and neutrons

54
Q

octet rule

A

rule that atoms are most stable when they hold eight electrons in their outermost shells

55
Q

orbital

A

region surrounding the nucleus; contains electron(s)

56
Q

organic molecule

A

any molecule containing carbon (except carbon dioxide)

57
Q

periodic table

A

organizational chart of elements indicating each element’s atomic number and atomic mass; provides key information about the elements’ properties

58
Q

pH paper

A

see litmus paper

59
Q

pH scale

A

scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the hydrogen ions’ concentration in a solution

60
Q

polar covalent bond

A

type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal electron sharing, resulting in creating slightly positive and negative charged molecule regions

61
Q

product

A

molecule that is result of chemical reaction

62
Q

proton

A

positively charged particle that resides in the atom’s nucleus; has a mass of one amu and a charge of +1

63
Q

radioisotope

A

isotope that emits radiation comprised of subatomic particles to form more stable elements

64
Q

reactant

A

molecule that takes part in a chemical reaction

65
Q

reversable chemical reaction

A

chemical reaction that functions bidirectionally, where products may turn into reactants if their concentration is great enough

66
Q

solvent

A

substance capable of dissolving another substance

67
Q

specific heat capacity

A

the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius

68
Q

sphere of hydration

A

when a polar water molecule surrounds charged or polar molecules thus keeping them dissolved and in solution

69
Q

structural isomers

A

molecules that share a chemical formula but differ in the placement of their chemical bonds

70
Q

substituted hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon chain or ring containing an atom of another element in place of one of the backbone carbons

71
Q

surface tension

A

tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating; created by the attractive cohesive forces between the liquid’s molecules

72
Q

valence shell

A

outermost shell of an atom

73
Q

van der waals interaction

A

very weak interaction between molecules due to temporary charges attracting atoms that are very close together

BIO 208 (15 decks)

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